# Battery anode materials: Production

How China built capacity many times what cells need

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/production/

What this tab covers Who makes it and how much: world capacity and output, utilisation, the top producing countries and companies globally and in India, concentration, new capacity coming, and each region's position.

| Measure | Figure | Detail | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| **World capacity** | heavy overcapacity: China's anode capacity was about four to nine times global EV cell demand in 2023 | About 1.08 Mt a year of new Chinese capacity was announced in Q1 2026 alone (11 firms). SMM reported effective capacity tightening at end-2025. | IEA 2023 via Argus; SMM (22 Apr 2026) via graphite tile |
| **World output** | about 2.9 Mt shipped (2025) | China produced 1.107 Mt of graphite anode in H1 2025, up 36%, of which 1.01 Mt synthetic (91.2%). | GGII (Feb 2026); SMM (Jul 2025) |
| **Capacity utilisation** | not published as a single rate | Overcapacity kept prices low in 2023-25; GGII expects a 10-20% price rise in 2026 as medium- and low-sulphur coke tightens. | GGII (Feb 2026) |
| **Concentration** | China over 90% (indicative); Shanshan about 21% of shipments (H1 2025); BTR about 600 kt in 2025 | BTR (about 21% of 2.9 Mt, derived) and Shanshan (21%) are about two-fifths of the market between them. Shangtai, Putailai (Zichen), Kaijin and Zhongke Shinzoom follow. | SMM (Jul 2025); Mysteel via graphite tile; shares derived |
| **New capacity** | over 3.7 Mt of shipments forecast for 2026 (GGII); about 1.08 Mt/yr of new Chinese capacity announced in Q1 2026 | Projects include Zhongke Shinzoom (300 kt), Shangtai (200 kt) and Inner Mongolia Xiangfu (200 kt). Outside China, Syrah Vidalia (11.25 kt) and Epsilon in India (30 kt phase 1). | GGII (Feb 2026); SMM (Apr 2026) via graphite tile; EVreporter (Jan 2025) |

#### Top producing countries

- **China**: over 90% of anode output (indicative); essentially all spherical purified graphite
- **South Korea**: POSCO Future M natural and synthetic anode; volume not in sources used
- **Japan**: Resonac (Showa Denko) and Mitsubishi Chemical synthetic anode; small (indicative)
- **United States**: Syrah Vidalia 11,250 t/yr natural anode; proposed duties on Chinese anode rejected by the ITC (Mar 2026)
- **India**: no commercial output; Epsilon 30 kt first phase planned
 graphite tile (USGS; Mysteel); share indicative; Indicative; graphite tile (Fastmarkets 2024; USGS); EVreporter (Jan 2025)

#### Largest producers: global

| Company | Country | Volume | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| **BTR New Material** largest; natural and synthetic; plants in Indonesia and Morocco planned (indicative) | China | 0.6 Mt anode sold | 2025 | [Mysteel via graphite tile](https://www.asianmetal.com/news/2228207/BTR-achieves-record-artificial-graphite-sales-in-H1) |
| **Ningbo Shanshan** about 21% of synthetic anode in 2024 | China | not published | 2025 | [SMM (Jul 2025)](https://news.metal.com/newscontent/103418985) |
| **Shijiazhuang Shangtai** 3.6 billion yuan project | China | 0.2 Mt/yr new capacity announced | Q1 2026 | SMM via graphite tile |
| **Hunan Zhongke Shinzoom** about 7 billion yuan project | China | 0.3 Mt/yr new capacity announced | Q1 2026 | SMM via graphite tile |
| **Shanghai Putailai (Zichen)** major synthetic supplier to CATL and ATL (indicative) | China | not published | 2025 | Indicative |
| **POSCO Future M** main non-Chinese natural graphite anode maker | South Korea | not published | 2025 | Indicative |
| **Syrah Resources (Vidalia)** fed by Balama, Mozambique | Australia/US | 11.25 kt/yr installed anode capacity | 2024 | Fastmarkets via graphite tile |

#### Largest producers: India

| Company | Country | Volume | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Epsilon Advanced Materials** upgraded from 10 kt; location and start not stated in source | India | 30 kt/yr synthetic graphite anode, phase 1 (planned) | 2025 | [EVreporter (Jan 2025)](https://evreporter.com/?p=25395) |
| **HEG** graphite electrode maker (about 100 kt/yr at about 90% use); anode capacity not verified | India | not published | 2025 | Indicative |
| **Himadri Speciality Chemical** supplies pitch used in anode coating; anode volumes not verified | India | not published | 2025 | Indicative |

India has no commercial anode output; it mined 17 kt of natural graphite in 2025 and has 8.6 Mt of reserves, and HEG and Graphite India make synthetic graphite electrodes. Cells are almost all imported (graphite tile; IEEFA 2026).

#### Position by region

| Region | Position |
|---|---|
| **US** | Commerce set final anti-dumping duties of 93.5-102.7% plus countervailing duties of about 67% on Chinese anode material (Feb 2026), but the ITC voted on 12 Mar 2026 that US industry was not injured, so no duties took effect; 45X foreign-entity rules still favour non-Chinese supply. Syrah Vidalia is the main domestic plant (SMM, Mar 2026; USGS MCS 2026). |
| **EU** | Almost no anode output; dependent on Chinese material and on Battery Regulation carbon-footprint rules that penalise coal-powered graphitisation. |
| **India** | No anode output; Epsilon's 30 kt plan is the largest; natural graphite resources of 8.6 Mt and electrode know-how at HEG and Graphite India. |
| **China** | Over 90% of anodes, mostly synthetic; export permits on graphite since Dec 2023; export licensing of artificial graphite anode, its equipment and know-how (Announcement No. 58, Oct 2025) suspended until 10 Nov 2026. |
| **Japan** | Resonac and Mitsubishi Chemical make specialty synthetic grades (indicative). |
| **Middle East** | Morocco and Oman are being considered for Chinese anode plants (indicative). |

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/overview/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/correlation/index.md)
- [Production route](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/routes/index.md)
- [Feedstocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/feedstocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/movement/index.md)
- [Regulation](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/regulation/index.md)
- [Characteristics](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/characteristics/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/links/index.md)