# Battery anode materials: Regulation

How export permits and US duties reshaped graphite trade

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/regulation/

What this tab covers How it is regulated and what could disrupt supply: hazard classification, rules in the EU, US and India, anti-dumping duties and other trade measures, and supply-risk notes.

#### Hazards

| Classification | UN number | Key risks |
|---|---|---|
| graphite: generally not classified; dusts may form combustible mixtures (indicative) | not regulated (indicative) | Dust inhalation and combustible dust; HF use in natural graphite purification. |

#### Main rules

| Where | Rule | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| **US** | AD/CVD case on Chinese active anode material: Commerce final rates of about 160-170% combined (Feb 2026), but negative ITC injury vote (12 Mar 2026), so no duties; foreign-entity rules on 45X credits (indicative) | Chinese anode can still enter the US without these duties; credit rules remain the main support for non-Chinese supply |
| **China** | Graphite export permits since 1 Dec 2023; MOFCOM and GAC Announcement No. 58 of 2025 (9 Oct 2025) on artificial and blended graphite anode, granulation, graphitisation and coating equipment and know-how, suspended by Announcement No. 70 (7 Nov 2025) until 10 Nov 2026 | China can restrict anode and know-how exports |
| **EU** | Battery Regulation 2023/1542 carbon footprint declarations | penalises coal-powered graphitisation |

#### India

| Rule | Effect |
|---|---|
| **PLI ACC scheme (Rs 18,100 crore, 50 GWh) with 25%/60% domestic value addition** | local anode helps meet DVA; no materials-specific incentive (EVreporter 2025) |
| **Graphite on India's 2023 critical minerals list; graphite block auctions under the National Critical Mineral Mission (indicative)** | supports domestic natural graphite |

#### Trade measures

- US AD/CVD case on Chinese anode material ended without duties after the ITC's negative vote (Mar 2026)
- China export permits on graphite (Dec 2023) and suspended anode controls (to 10 Nov 2026)

#### Supply risk

China controls over 90% of anode output and almost all spherical graphite and graphitisation know-how, and has used export permits since 2023. Graphite is on the EU, US and Indian critical lists.

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/overview/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/correlation/index.md)
- [Production route](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/routes/index.md)
- [Production](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/production/index.md)
- [Feedstocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/feedstocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/movement/index.md)
- [Characteristics](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/characteristics/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/anode_materials/links/index.md)