# Carbon dioxide: Regulation

Fragile food supply and dangerous pipeline leaks

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/regulation/

What this tab covers How it is regulated and what could disrupt supply: hazard classification, rules in the EU, US and India, anti-dumping duties and other trade measures, and supply-risk notes.

#### Hazards

| Classification | UN number | Key risks |
|---|---|---|
| Gas under pressure; refrigerated liquefied gas | UN1013 | Collects in low spaces; high concentrations cause unconsciousness. Pipeline ruptures can be dangerous (Satartia, Mississippi, 2020, indicative). |

#### Main rules

| Where | Rule | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| **EU** | EU ETS; CCS Directive; food additive E290 rules | prices emissions and governs storage and food use |
| **US** | 45Q tax credit for storage and use (indicative up to $85/t stored, $180/t for direct air capture); PHMSA pipeline rules | drives CCS and EOR |
| **Global** | ISBT beverage-grade CO2 specification | sets food-grade purity |

#### India

| Rule | Effect |
|---|---|
| **Gas Cylinders Rules 2016 and SMPV(U) Rules 2016 under PESO** | storage and transport licensing |
| **FSSAI food additive regulations (E290)** | food-grade use |
| **Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (2023)** | could value CO2 capture and use in future (indicative) |

#### Trade measures

- None material

#### Supply risk

High for food-grade supply in Europe because a few ammonia plants supply most of it and close when gas spikes. Not on any critical list.

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/overview/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/correlation/index.md)
- [Production route](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/routes/index.md)
- [Production](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/production/index.md)
- [Feedstocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/feedstocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/movement/index.md)
- [Characteristics](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/characteristics/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/links/index.md)