# Fluorochemicals and refrigerants: Regulation

How the Kigali deal is phasing down HFCs worldwide

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/fluoro_intermediates/regulation/

What this tab covers How it is regulated and what could disrupt supply: hazard classification, rules in the EU, US and India, anti-dumping duties and other trade measures, and supply-risk notes.

#### Hazards

| Classification | UN number | Key risks |
|---|---|---|
| gases under pressure; R32 and HFOs flammable gas cat 1B (A2L); asphyxiant in confined spaces | UN3252 (R32), UN3159 (R134a), UN1018 (R22) | Climate impact from leaks; frostbite and asphyxiation; decomposition to HF in fires. |

#### Main rules

| Where | Rule | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| **Global** | Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment (2016) | HCFC phase-out and HFC phase-down by about 80-85% by the late 2040s |
| **EU** | F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573; MAC Directive; proposed universal PFAS restriction | HFC phase-out by 2050; possible limits on HFOs |
| **US** | AIM Act (2020) and EPA Technology Transitions rule | 85% HFC cut by 2036; GWP limits for new equipment |
| **China** | HFC production and consumption quotas from 2024 (MEE) | caps supply; HFC-23 destruction required |

#### India

| Rule | Effect |
|---|---|
| **Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000 (HCFCs and, as amended, HFC production limits); MoEFCC office memorandum of 1 April 2026: no environmental clearance for new or expanded HFC capacity for controlled uses unless it starts production by 31 December 2027; freeze at the 2024-2026 baseline from 1 January 2028** | quota allocation will set winners |
| **India Cooling Action Plan (2019)** | targets lower refrigerant demand and better servicing |
| **MSIHC Rules 1989; PESO rules for gas cylinders** | plant and cylinder safety |

#### Trade measures

- EU and US enforcement against illegal HFC imports
- Past DGTR anti-dumping actions on some refrigerants from China (indicative; check DGTR)

#### Supply risk

High concentration: China holds over 80% of world HFC quotas and about 60% of fluorspar mining. Fluorspar is on EU, US and Indian critical minerals lists (fluorspar tile).

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/fluoro_intermediates/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/fluoro_intermediates/overview/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/fluoro_intermediates/correlation/index.md)
- [Production route](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/fluoro_intermediates/routes/index.md)
- [Production](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/fluoro_intermediates/production/index.md)
- [Feedstocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/fluoro_intermediates/feedstocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/fluoro_intermediates/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/fluoro_intermediates/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/fluoro_intermediates/movement/index.md)
- [Characteristics](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/fluoro_intermediates/characteristics/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/fluoro_intermediates/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/fluoro_intermediates/links/index.md)