# Specialty amines and ethanolamines: Production route

Why every amine plant is forced to make a family of products

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/specialty_amines/routes/

What this tab covers How it is made: the main production routes or, for product families, the main product types and technologies, compared on share of supply, inputs per tonne, plant scale, yield, co-products and unit cost.

Amines are made by reacting ammonia with an alcohol, an epoxide or a chloride. Each route gives a mix of mono-, di- and tri-substituted products that must be separated and sold in the proportions the plant makes, which shapes pricing. Methylamines and ethylamines are made by Indian, Chinese, US and European producers; ethanolamines sit next to ethylene oxide plants in the Gulf, US, Europe and China; ethyleneamines are made by a handful of producers.

#### Routes compared

| Route | Share of supply | Inputs per tonne | Typical scale | Yield | Co-products | Unit cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Methylamines (MMA, DMA, TMA) from methanol and ammonia** | probably 1.5-2 Mt/yr worldwide (indicative) | MMA 1.03 t methanol and 0.55 t NH3; DMA 1.42 t methanol and 0.38 t NH3; TMA 1.63 t methanol and 0.29 t NH3 (stoichiometric) | 20-200 kt/yr (indicative) | about 95% on methanol (indicative) | water, about 0.6-0.9 t per t depending on product (stoichiometric) | raw materials about $1,000/t DMA at Q2 2026 Indian prices (calculated: 1.42 t x $569/t methanol plus 0.38 t x about $500/t ammonia, indicative) |
| **Ethylamines and higher alkylamines (ethanol or acetone plus ammonia)** | probably under 0.5 Mt/yr (indicative); Alkyl Amines is a major ethylamines producer | about 1.02 t ethanol and 0.38 t NH3 per t monoethylamine (stoichiometric) | 10-50 kt/yr (indicative) | high (indicative) | water | follows Indian ethanol price, which is set partly by the government for blending (indicative) |
| **Ethanolamines (MEA, DEA, TEA) from ethylene oxide** | 42.18% of amines market value (Mordor 2025); about 6% of world EO (ethylene oxide tile) | MEA 0.72 t EO and 0.28 t NH3; DEA 0.84 t EO; TEA 0.89 t EO per t (stoichiometric) | 50-300 kt/yr (indicative) | about 98% on EO (indicative) | heavier ethanolamines | about 0.75-0.9 t EO per t product dominates cost (stoichiometric) |
| **Ethyleneamines (EDA, DETA, TETA, piperazine)** | probably 0.5-0.7 Mt/yr (indicative); few producers | about 1.65 t EDC and 0.57 t NH3 per t EDA (EDC route, stoichiometric) | 50-150 kt/yr (indicative) | not published | EDC route: about 1.95 t NaCl per t EDA after neutralisation (stoichiometric) | not published |
| **Fatty amines and other specialty amines (DMAPA, morpholine, NMM, polyetheramines)** | fatty amines probably about 1 Mt/yr (indicative) | varies | 5-100 kt/yr; Balaji NMM project 5,000 t/yr (FY2027) | not published | water, ammonia recycle | not published |

#### How each route works
**Methylamines (MMA, DMA, TMA) from methanol and ammonia**

Methanol and excess ammonia pass over a silica-alumina or shape-selective zeolite catalyst at about 350-450 C and 15-30 bar. The equilibrium mix of mono-, di- and trimethylamine and water is distilled, and unwanted amines are recycled.

Simple and scalable; co-product balance and methanol price swings.
 stoichiometry; methanol tile (Crisil, Jul 2026) **Ethylamines and higher alkylamines (ethanol or acetone plus ammonia)**

Ethanol and ammonia react with hydrogen over nickel or copper catalysts to mono-, di- and triethylamine. Isopropylamines are made from acetone or isopropanol. Indian makers use molasses-based ethanol.

Partly bio-based in India; competes with fuel ethanol for feed.
 stoichiometry; indicative **Ethanolamines (MEA, DEA, TEA) from ethylene oxide**

Ethylene oxide reacts with aqueous ammonia; the ammonia-to-EO ratio sets the MEA, DEA and TEA split. Plants sit next to EO units because EO is too hazardous to ship far.

Large scale; tied to EO producers (BASF, Dow, INEOS, Sadara, SABIC).
 Mordor via GII (2026); ethylene oxide tile; stoichiometry **Ethyleneamines (EDA, DETA, TETA, piperazine)**

Ethylene dichloride reacts with ammonia, giving a mix of amines and salt brine; or monoethanolamine is aminated reductively with ammonia and hydrogen, a cleaner route with more EDA.

Needed for epoxy, chelates and mancozeb; EDC route makes salty waste.
 stoichiometry; Balaji Amines (May 2026) for Indian projects **Fatty amines and other specialty amines (DMAPA, morpholine, NMM, polyetheramines)**

Fatty acids are converted to nitriles and hydrogenated to fatty amines; DMAPA comes from dimethylamine and acrylonitrile; morpholine from diethylene glycol and ammonia; polyetheramines by amination of polyether polyols.

Higher margin, smaller volume; customer qualification matters.
 Balaji Amines (May 2026); indicative Unit economics are indicative ranges from the sources named; costs move with feedstock and energy prices, plant size and region.

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/specialty_amines/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/specialty_amines/overview/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/specialty_amines/correlation/index.md)
- [Production](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/specialty_amines/production/index.md)
- [Feedstocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/specialty_amines/feedstocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/specialty_amines/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/specialty_amines/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/specialty_amines/movement/index.md)
- [Regulation](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/specialty_amines/regulation/index.md)
- [Characteristics](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/specialty_amines/characteristics/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/specialty_amines/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/specialty_amines/links/index.md)