# Copper: Characteristics

Conductivity, purity and penalties for arsenic

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/copper/characteristics/

What this tab covers The supply and physical characteristics of the commodity. Supply: current production, inventories and stocks, capacity utilisation, geographic and producer concentration, how fast supply responds to price, the project pipeline and capital spending, and logistics and export flows. Material: the physical and chemical properties that set its grade, price and end uses (for example purity and conductivity for metals, API gravity, sulfur and energy content for fuels, moisture, protein and fibre quality for crops).

#### Supply volume characteristics

| Characteristic | Figure | What it means | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| **Current production volume** | about 23 Mt mine output (2025e); 29 Mt refined (2025e), 27.6 Mt refined (2024) | Chile mined 5.3 Mt and the DRC 3.2 Mt. China refined about 14 Mt, roughly 48% of the world, mostly from imported concentrate. | USGS MCS 2026 |
| **Inventory and stock levels** | visible exchange stocks usually a few days to two weeks of world use; US refined stocks rose from 123 kt to 450 kt in 2025 | World refined use is about 29 Mt a year, or about 80 kt a day, so the US stock build alone equals about 6 days of world use (derived). Stocks sit in LME, COMEX and SHFE warehouses and with producers and fabricators. Tariff risk pulled metal into COMEX warehouses in 2025 and tightened supply elsewhere. | USGS MCS 2026; days derived |
| **Capacity utilisation** | refinery utilisation about 80-83% (ICSG, 2024-25, indicative) | Mine utilisation is usually reported at about 80-85% by ICSG (indicative). It fell in 2025 after the September mud rush at Freeport's Grasberg block cave in Indonesia (indicative) and lower grades at several US mines. Smelters have overbuilt in China, pushing treatment charges to record lows. | ICSG (indicative); USGS MCS 2026; Freeport (indicative) |
| **Geographic and producer concentration** | Chile 24.0%, top-3 (Chile, DRC, Peru) 49.5%, HHI 1,089 (mine); top-5 companies about 30% | BHP (2.02 Mt), Freeport (1.53 Mt), Codelco (1.44 Mt), Zijin (1.09 Mt) and Glencore (0.85 Mt) produced about 6.9 Mt, about 30% of 2025 mine output. Refining is more concentrated: China holds about half. | World Mining Data 2026; USGS MCS 2026; company reports 2025 |
| **Supply elasticity** | low: about 16 years on average from discovery to production (S&P Global, 2023, indicative) | Short-run supply depends on grades, strikes, weather and accidents. Scrap supply responds faster to price. New mines need large capital and long permitting in Chile, Peru and the US. | S&P Global Market Intelligence 2023 (indicative); this tile's lessons |
| **Project pipeline and CapEx** | growth from expansions rather than new greenfield mines; capital cost of new capacity often $25,000-35,000 per annual tonne (indicative) | Named projects: Kamoa-Kakula expansions in the DRC, Oyu Tolgoi underground ramp-up in Mongolia toward about 500 kt/yr later this decade, Quebrada Blanca 2 in Chile (about 300 kt/yr at full rate), and Resolution in Arizona (permitting). In India, Adani's Kutch Copper smelter at Mundra is ramping toward 0.5 Mt/yr in its first phase (indicative). | Company announcements (indicative); USGS MCS 2026 |
| **Logistics and export flows** | most mine output crosses borders as concentrate or cathode; concentrate exports worth $97 billion and refined copper $92 billion in 2024 | Chile and Peru ship concentrate from Antofagasta and Callao to China, Japan, Korea and India. DRC cathode moves by road and rail to Durban and Dar es Salaam, and increasingly the Lobito corridor in Angola. China imported 63% of world concentrate by value. Bottlenecks: African road corridors, Peruvian road blockades and the Panama Canal. | UN Comtrade 2024; this tile's lessons |

#### Material characteristics Metal / hard commodity

Copper sells on its electrical and thermal conductivity, its ductility and its resistance to corrosion. Cathode purity decides which exchange it can be delivered against and how easily it can be drawn into fine wire. Concentrate is valued on copper content less penalties for arsenic and other impurities, plus credits for gold and silver.

| Property | Value / specification | Why it matters | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| **Purity / grade** | LME Grade A cathode: at least 99.9935% Cu (BS EN 1978 Cu-CATH-1); COMEX high grade 99.95% (ASTM B115) | Sets which contracts it can be delivered against and its premium | LME; BS EN 1978; ASTM B115 |
| **Electrical conductivity** | 100% IACS (58 MS/m) for annealed copper; oxygen-free grades about 101% | Smaller and more efficient motors, cables and transformers than aluminium | IEC 60028 (IACS standard) |
| **Thermal conductivity** | about 400 W/m K | Used in heat exchangers, air conditioners and electronics cooling | CDA (indicative) |
| **Strength and ductility** | annealed tensile about 210-220 MPa with 45-50% elongation; cold-worked about 340-400 MPa | Can be drawn into fine wire and hardened by working | CDA / ASTM B152 (indicative) |
| **Corrosion resistance** | forms a protective patina; resists water and soil | Long life in pipes, roofing and buried earthing | CDA (indicative) |
| **Concentrate grade and impurities** | concentrate 25-35% Cu; China limits imports above 0.5% arsenic | Arsenic carries penalties and limits which smelters can take it | Tilton and Guzman 2016; China import rules (indicative) |

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/copper/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/copper/overview/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/copper/correlation/index.md)
- [Extraction](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/copper/extraction/index.md)
- [Production](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/copper/production/index.md)
- [Stocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/copper/stocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/copper/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/copper/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/copper/movement/index.md)
- [Criticality](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/copper/criticality/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/copper/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/copper/links/index.md)