# Feldspar: Extraction

How one pit can sell three minerals at once

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/feldspar/extraction/

What this tab covers How it is mined, drilled or grown, and processed into a tradeable form: the main methods compared, their unit economics, by-products, and the companies that do this work globally and in India.

Feldspars are aluminosilicates of potassium, sodium and calcium, found in granites, pegmatites and feldspathic sands. They are mined in open pits, crushed, and separated by flotation from mica, quartz and iron minerals. US processors recover mica and silica sand as co-products, so one pit can sell three minerals. Feldspar is ground to about 20 mesh for glass and 200 mesh or finer for ceramics and fillers. Nepheline syenite, a silica-poor rock mined in Canada, does the same job. North Carolina pegmatites mix feldspar with tin, lithium and quartz (Scheyder).

Feldspar is mined from hard pegmatite and granite or from loose feldspathic sand, then ground and cleaned to a chemistry that kilns and furnaces accept. Most output needs no complex processing: hand sorting and grinding serve many small Indian and Turkish operations, while flotation plants make low-iron grades. Price is low, about $110/t in the US in 2025, so mines must sit near ports or tile clusters. Nepheline syenite, a feldspar-rich rock from Canada and Norway, competes directly.

#### Methods compared

| Method | Share of supply | Typical scale | Recovery / efficiency | By-products | Unit cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Open-pit sodium feldspar with dry processing (Turkey)** | Turkey 5.3 Mt in 2025, about 17% of world output (USGS); 32% of global supply in the EU assessment (EU CRM 2023); 41% of world export value in 2024 (UN Comtrade) | n/a | n/a | Quartz sand at some sites | Not published; for reference, US marketable feldspar averaged about $110/t in 2025 (USGS) |
| **Pegmatite mining with hand sorting and grinding (India, Rajasthan and Gujarat region)** | India 6.0 Mt in 2025, the largest producer by USGS estimate (WMD ranks it second at 16.5% in 2024) | n/a | n/a | Quartz and mica | Not published; India exported feldspar worth Rs 429 crore in 2022-23 (IBM) |
| **Flotation of alaskite and pegmatite with co-products (US, Spruce Pine)** | US 440,000 t in 2025, about 1.4% of world output (USGS) | Eight mines and plants in North Carolina, California, Idaho and Virginia (USGS 2025) | n/a | Mica, silica sand, high-purity quartz | US average unit value $107-110/t, 2021-2025 (USGS) |
| **Nepheline syenite (substitute rock, Canada)** | Over 95% of US nepheline syenite is imported, 99% from Canada (USGS 2021-24) | US imports about 420,000 t in 2025 (USGS) | n/a | n/a | US import unit value about $220/t in 2025, up from $164/t in 2021 (USGS) |

#### How each method works
**Open-pit sodium feldspar with dry processing (Turkey)**

Large albite deposits in western Turkey are mined in open pits, crushed, ground and often magnetically cleaned, then shipped in bulk to Mediterranean tile makers. The model is simple, high volume and export-led.

Low cost and close to Italian and Spanish buyers by sea; concentration raised EU supply risk to critical in 2023.
 USGS MCS 2026; EU CRM 2023; UN Comtrade 2024 **Pegmatite mining with hand sorting and grinding (India, Rajasthan and Gujarat region)**

Small open pits in pegmatites are worked with limited mechanisation; feldspar lumps are sorted by colour and ground in local mills to supply tile makers, especially the Morbi cluster in Gujarat, and export.

Feeds the world's second-largest tile hub cheaply; production is fragmented and, as a minor mineral since 2015, not reported nationally.
 USGS MCS 2026; World Mining Data 2026; IBM Indian Minerals Yearbook 2023 **Flotation of alaskite and pegmatite with co-products (US, Spruce Pine)**

Ore is crushed and ground, then floated in stages to remove mica, iron minerals and quartz, giving low-iron feldspar plus saleable mica, silica sand and, at Spruce Pine, high-purity quartz.

Consistent quality and valuable co-products; higher cost than Turkish dry processing.
 USGS MCS 2026 **Nepheline syenite (substitute rock, Canada)**

A silica-poor igneous rock with more alumina and alkali than feldspar is quarried and ground, mainly in Ontario, and sold to glass and ceramic makers as a stronger flux.

Lower melting temperature saves furnace energy, but costs about twice US feldspar.
 USGS MCS 2026 Unit economics are indicative ranges from the sources named; costs vary widely by deposit, region and year.

#### Who does it: global

| Company | Country | Activity | Volume | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Kaltun Madencilik** Volume not published | Turkey | sodium feldspar mining and export | not published | 2025 | Company information |
| **Esan (Eczacibasi group)** Volume not published | Turkey | feldspar, kaolin and quartz for ceramics | not published | 2025 | Company information |
| **Sibelco** Volumes not published | Belgium | feldspar, nepheline syenite and ceramic raw materials | not published | 2025 | [Sibelco 2025 results](https://www.sibelco.com/en/news/sibelco-delivers-a-resilient-2025-financial-performance) |
| **The Quartz Corp** Volume not published | US/Norway | Spruce Pine pegmatite: feldspar, mica and HPQ | not published | 2023 | Conway, Material World (2023) |
| **Imerys** Volume not published | France | ceramic raw materials including feldspar | not published | 2025 | Company information |

#### Who does it: India

| Company | Country | Activity | Volume | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Morbi ceramic cluster (Gujarat)** Tile output, not feldspar tonnage; feldspar intake not published. Morbi has about 800 active plants and makes over 70% of India's tiles (CARE Ratings) | India | main feldspar consumer: tile makers | 2,452 million sq m of tiles (all India, 2025) | 2025 | [Ceramic World Web citing MECS (July 2026)](https://ceramicworldweb.com/en/economics-and-markets/energy-shock-and-rising-costs-morbi-district-under-pressure) |

India is the largest feldspar producer by USGS estimate (6.0 Mt in 2025) and the third-largest exporter by value (10.4% of world exports in 2024, UN Comtrade). Mining is done by many small private firms, mainly in Rajasthan and Gujarat; no company volumes are published because feldspar became a state-regulated minor mineral in February 2015.

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/feldspar/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/feldspar/overview/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/feldspar/correlation/index.md)
- [Production](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/feldspar/production/index.md)
- [Stocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/feldspar/stocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/feldspar/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/feldspar/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/feldspar/movement/index.md)
- [Criticality](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/feldspar/criticality/index.md)
- [Characteristics](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/feldspar/characteristics/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/feldspar/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/feldspar/links/index.md)