# Germanium: Characteristics

The metal that sees heat and steers light

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/germanium/characteristics/

What this tab covers The supply and physical characteristics of the commodity. Supply: current production, inventories and stocks, capacity utilisation, geographic and producer concentration, how fast supply responds to price, the project pipeline and capital spending, and logistics and export flows. Material: the physical and chemical properties that set its grade, price and end uses (for example purity and conductivity for metals, API gravity, sulfur and energy content for fuels, moisture, protein and fibre quality for crops).

#### Supply volume characteristics

| Characteristic | Figure | What it means | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| **Current production volume** | about 150 t refinery output (2024, World Mining Data); USGS publishes no world total | China produced about 140 t (93%). Other estimates are higher: Antaike put China at 180 t in 2022, implying about 300 t of world supply including recycled metal. | World Mining Data 2026; Reuters (2023); USGS MCS 2026 |
| **Inventory and stock levels** | not published; state stocks matter | Possible Chinese state stockpiling of about 100 t was reported in 2024, two-thirds of a year's output. The US stockpile plan listed 5,000 kg of potential disposals for FY2025. Commercial stocks are not reported. | this tile's supercycle data; USGS MCS 2026 |
| **Capacity utilisation** | not published | No world capacity is published. Yunnan Lincang Xinyuan has capacity of 47.6 t/yr of ingot; Yunnan Chihong produced 56 t of germanium products in 2022. | Reuters (2023); USGS MCS 2026 |
| **Geographic and producer concentration** | China about 93%, top 3 (China, Russia, US) about 98%, HHI 8,726 (2024) | China had about 83% of world processing in the EU assessment. Outside China, Umicore (Belgium), Teck (Trail, Canada) and 5N Plus are the main refiners. | World Mining Data 2026; EU CRM 2023 |
| **Supply elasticity** | low: by-product of zinc residues and coal fly ash (companionality 95%); new recovery circuits take years | Germanium's value is tiny next to the zinc or power, so its price does not drive host output. When zinc smelting fell in 2007, germanium supply fell with it. | EU CRM 2023; USGS Circular 1365 (2010) |
| **Project pipeline and CapEx** | DOE initiatives totalling $1 billion include germanium refining and by-product recovery (August 2025) | Tailings and zinc projects in DR Congo, Russia and the US are in operation or development, but USGS gives no tonnages. Teck ships Red Dog concentrate to Trail for germanium recovery. | USGS MCS 2026 |
| **Logistics and export flows** | Chinese metal exports Jan-Sep 2025: 7,520 kg, down from 36,656 kg in 2023 | Chinese exports went mostly to Russia (28%), Belgium (26%), Germany (26%) and Japan (18%) in 2025. US metal imports fell 67% after China's December 2024 ban, while dioxide imports from Canada rose 55%. Material moves by air in small lots; licences are the chokepoint. | USGS MCS 2026 |

#### Material characteristics Metal / hard commodity

Germanium is valued for optical and electronic properties. It is transparent to infrared light, so it makes thermal-imaging lenses. Its dioxide raises the refractive index of optical-fibre cores. Its crystal lattice matches gallium arsenide, so it is the substrate for space solar cells. Grades are set by purity, from 5N metal to ultra-pure detector crystals.

| Property | Value / specification | Why it matters | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| **Purity / grade** | Zone-refined metal at least 99.999% (5N), the European price basis; GeCl4 for fibre about 6N | Price and suitability for optics, fibre and wafers | Argus via USGS MCS 2026; industry practice |
| **Infrared transmission** | Transmits about 2-14 microns, covering the 8-14 micron thermal window; refractive index about 4.0 | Makes lenses and windows for thermal cameras and night sights; chalcogenide glass is the main substitute | Optical reference data (indicative) |
| **Band gap and mobility** | 0.67 eV; electron mobility about 3,900 cm2/V s | Used in high-speed SiGe electronics and radiation detectors | CRC Handbook |
| **Lattice constant** | 5.658 angstrom, close to GaAs (5.653) | Allows multijunction GaAs solar cells for satellites to grow on germanium wafers | CRC Handbook |
| **Detector-grade purity** | High-purity germanium detectors need net impurity of about 10^10 atoms per cm3 | Gives the best gamma-ray energy resolution for security and research | Detector literature (indicative) |
| **Density and melting point** | 5.32 g/cm3; 938 C; brittle | Brittle crystals need careful machining; swarf is recycled | CRC Handbook |

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/germanium/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/germanium/overview/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/germanium/correlation/index.md)
- [Extraction](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/germanium/extraction/index.md)
- [Production](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/germanium/production/index.md)
- [Stocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/germanium/stocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/germanium/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/germanium/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/germanium/movement/index.md)
- [Criticality](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/germanium/criticality/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/germanium/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/germanium/links/index.md)