# Oats: Characteristics

Plump groats and beta-glucan: what millers pay for

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/oats/characteristics/

What this tab covers The supply and physical characteristics of the commodity. Supply: current production, inventories and stocks, capacity utilisation, geographic and producer concentration, how fast supply responds to price, the project pipeline and capital spending, and logistics and export flows. Material: the physical and chemical properties that set its grade, price and end uses (for example purity and conductivity for metals, API gravity, sulfur and energy content for fuels, moisture, protein and fibre quality for crops).

#### Supply volume characteristics

| Characteristic | Figure | What it means | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| **Current production volume** | about 22.4 Mt (FAOSTAT 2024); 26.2 Mt in 2025/26 and 22.7 Mt forecast for 2026/27 | A cool-climate crop. Canada, Russia, Poland, Australia, Finland and Spain lead; the EU as a bloc grows about 35%. | FAOSTAT 2024; USDA PSD |
| **Inventory and stock levels** | world ending stocks 3.2 Mt forecast for 2026/27, 14.2% of use, about 52 days | Stocks sit in the EU (about 1.1 Mt), Canada and the US. There are no strategic oat reserves. India holds none. | USDA PSD |
| **Capacity utilisation** | not published | Milling capacity is held privately by PepsiCo (Quaker), Richardson, Grain Millers and others; no utilisation series is published. | content of this tile |
| **Geographic and producer concentration** | top country Canada 15.0%, top-3 (Canada, Russia, Poland) 35.6%, HHI 665 (2024); exports: Canada 43.9%, top-3 69.4% of value | Trade is dominated by Canada to the US: the US took 31.6% of import value. Milling for food is concentrated in a few firms. | FAOSTAT 2024; UN Comtrade 2024 |
| **Supply elasticity** | short-run high: annual spring crop that competes with canola and barley | Canadian prairie farmers shift area each spring. Milling-grade supply is tighter because buyers need high test weight and low contamination for gluten-free lines. | USDA; industry practice |
| **Project pipeline and CapEx** | no large projects tracked | Demand growth comes from oat drinks and gluten-free foods. Output is forecast to fall back to 22.7 Mt in 2026/27 after a large 2025/26 crop. | USDA PSD |
| **Logistics and export flows** | Canada exported 1.5 Mt and Australia 0.78 Mt in 2025/26, roughly 9% of output | Main route: Canadian prairies by rail to US mills in the Midwest. Finland and the Baltics ship to the EU. Rail capacity in Canada is the main constraint. | USDA PSD; UN Comtrade 2024 |

#### Material characteristics Agricultural / soft commodity

Oats are bought for milling or feed. Millers pay for heavy, plump grain with a high share of groat (the kernel inside the hull) and low contamination from wheat or barley. Oats are rich in soluble fibre (beta-glucan), which supports health claims. They must be kilned after dehulling to stop fats going rancid.

| Property | Value / specification | Why it matters | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| **Test weight** | US No. 1 oats at least 36 lb/bu; millers typically want 38 lb/bu or more | Heavier grain means more groat and better milling yield | USDA FGIS oat standards (indicative) |
| **Groat content / hull share** | hull about 25-30% of grain weight | Sets how much food product each tonne gives | industry practice (indicative) |
| **Beta-glucan** | about 3-6% of grain | Supports cholesterol health claims for oat foods | EFSA / FDA health claim literature (indicative) |
| **Gluten contamination** | below 20 ppm for gluten-free labelling | Gluten-free oats need segregated supply chains and earn premiums | Codex Standard 118-1979 |
| **Moisture** | about 13-14% for safe storage | Damp oats mould and lose milling quality | trade practice (indicative) |

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/oats/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/oats/overview/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/oats/correlation/index.md)
- [Extraction](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/oats/extraction/index.md)
- [Production](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/oats/production/index.md)
- [Stocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/oats/stocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/oats/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/oats/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/oats/movement/index.md)
- [Criticality](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/oats/criticality/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/oats/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/oats/links/index.md)