# Platinum: Characteristics

Dense, heat-proof and a superb catalyst

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/platinum/characteristics/

What this tab covers The supply and physical characteristics of the commodity. Supply: current production, inventories and stocks, capacity utilisation, geographic and producer concentration, how fast supply responds to price, the project pipeline and capital spending, and logistics and export flows. Material: the physical and chemical properties that set its grade, price and end uses (for example purity and conductivity for metals, API gravity, sulfur and energy content for fuels, moisture, protein and fibre quality for crops).

#### Supply volume characteristics

| Characteristic | Figure | What it means | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| **Current production volume** | about 170 t mine output (2025e), down from 179 t in 2024 | South Africa mined 120 t, Russia 20 t, Zimbabwe 18 t. South African output fell about 9% in 2025 on deep-mine costs, low palladium prices and power disruptions. Recycling of platinum and palladium together recovered about 140 t. | USGS MCS 2026, Platinum-group metals |
| **Inventory and stock levels** | above-ground stocks not published in these sources; US stockpile listed 261 kg of platinum for potential disposal (FY2025) | The World Platinum Investment Council tracks above-ground stocks quarterly; three years of deficits to 2025 have drawn them down. NYMEX and Guangzhou Futures Exchange warehouse stocks are the visible part. Chinese exchange stocks are not yet in WPIC's balance. | USGS MCS 2026; WPIC Platinum Quarterly (Mar 2026) |
| **Capacity utilisation** | not published | South African smelters and shafts run below design when Eskom cuts power. Refiners also treat third-party and toll material: Valterra refined 1.556 Moz of platinum in 2025 against 0.932 Moz from its own mines. | Valterra Platinum Q4 2025 production report; USGS MCS 2026 |
| **Geographic and producer concentration** | South Africa 70.2%; top-3 (South Africa, Russia, Zimbabwe) 92.4%; HHI 5,193 | Four groups dominate: Valterra (3.20 Moz PGMs 2025), Implats (3.55 Moz 6E, FY2025), Sibanye-Stillwater (1.80 Moz 4E in South Africa) and Nornickel. Most reserves sit in one geological body, the Bushveld Complex. | World Mining Data 2024; company reports 2025 |
| **Supply elasticity** | low: deep shafts take 5-10 years to build (indicative); PGMs are mined as a basket | A higher platinum price cannot raise output unless palladium and rhodium also pay. South Africa's output fell in 2025 even as platinum rose 25%. | USGS MCS 2026; industry norms (indicative) |
| **Project pipeline and CapEx** | limited: few new shafts; mechanised Platreef and Great Dyke projects lead | Ivanhoe Mines' Platreef project in South Africa began phased production in 2025 (indicative), and Zimbabwe's Great Dyke producers are expanding. Many older Bushveld shafts were closed or put on care and maintenance in 2024-25 when PGM prices were low. | Company announcements (indicative); USGS MCS 2026 |
| **Logistics and export flows** | HS 711011 exports $10.9 billion (2024); imports led by China 21.9%, US 12.7%, Hong Kong 12.2%, India 11.0% | Refined metal leaves Johannesburg by air for London, Zurich and Asia. Hong Kong (23.6%) and South Africa (17.4%) lead exports. The chokepoint is upstream: power supply to Bushveld smelters and the handful of PGM refineries in South Africa and Russia. | UN Comtrade 2024 (HS 711011) |

#### Material characteristics Metal / hard commodity

Platinum is dense, very resistant to corrosion and heat, and a strong catalyst. Those traits explain its use in vehicle exhaust catalysts, refinery and fertiliser catalysts, glass-fibre bushings, fuel cells and jewellery. Commercial value depends on purity, because catalyst and electronics makers need near-pure metal, and on its high melting point, which suits high-temperature equipment.

| Property | Value / specification | Why it matters | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| **Purity** | LPPM Good Delivery: at least 99.95% Pt, ingots and plates of 1-6 kg; jewellery Pt950 | Sets deliverability in London and Zurich and on NYMEX | LPPM Good Delivery Rules |
| **Catalytic activity** | oxidises CO and hydrocarbons; catalyses ammonia oxidation and hydrogen reactions | Basis of autocatalyst, nitric acid and fuel-cell demand | Johnson Matthey (indicative) |
| **Melting point** | 1,768 C | Glass-fibre bushings, thermocouples and crucibles | CRC Handbook |
| **Density** | 21.45 g/cm3 | Heavy, compact store of value; aids assay checks | CRC Handbook |
| **Corrosion resistance** | does not oxidise in air at any temperature; resists most acids | Long-life electrodes, medical implants and lab ware | CRC Handbook |
| **Hardness and strength** | pure Pt about 40 HV and tensile about 125-165 MPa (annealed); alloyed with ruthenium or iridium for jewellery | Needs alloying for durable jewellery | Metals handbooks (indicative) |
| **Electrical resistance stability** | resistivity about 10.6 micro-ohm cm, very stable with temperature | Pt100 resistance thermometers and sensors | CRC Handbook |

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/platinum/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/platinum/overview/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/platinum/correlation/index.md)
- [Extraction](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/platinum/extraction/index.md)
- [Production](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/platinum/production/index.md)
- [Stocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/platinum/stocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/platinum/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/platinum/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/platinum/movement/index.md)
- [Criticality](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/platinum/criticality/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/platinum/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/platinum/links/index.md)