# Steel: Overview

Buildings, cars and the service centres in between

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/overview/

What this tab covers What the commodity is used for, why, in what volumes and with what alternatives, and its chain from mine or field to end user. Also the latest price moves, top recent news, three things to know, and buttons into each tab.

#### Key uses

| Use | Share | Annual volume | Why this commodity | Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Construction: buildings and infrastructure (rebar, sections, plate, pipe, roofing)** | 51.2% | about 963 Mt a yearbasis | Steel gives the highest strength and stiffness per dollar of any structural material, can be welded and bolted on site, and pairs with concrete as rebar because they expand at similar rates. Rebar made from scrap in mini-mills is cheap almost everywhere. Structural steel is recycled at 97% in the US. WSA (2012) via Smil (2016); USGS MCS 2026, Iron and Steel Scrap | Reinforced concrete without steel framing Engineered timber (cross-laminated timber) Aluminium in cladding and window frames Fibre-reinforced polymer rebar |
| **Mechanical machinery and equipment** | 14.5% | about 273 Mt a yearbasis | Gears, shafts, frames and tools need hardness, fatigue strength and machinability that alloy and carbon steels deliver at low cost, with heat treatment tuning properties for each part. WSA (2012) via Smil (2016) | Cast iron for frames and housings Aluminium and titanium where weight matters |
| **Metal products (containers, wire, fasteners, tools, furniture)** | 12.5% | about 235 Mt a yearbasis | Thin tinplate and wire are cheap to form at high speed, and steel's magnetism makes cans easy to sort for recycling. US steel container recycling is 62%. WSA (2012) via Smil (2016); USGS MCS 2026 | Aluminium cans Plastic and glass packaging |
| **Automotive** | 12% | about 226 Mt a yearbasis | Advanced high-strength steels let car bodies absorb crash energy while staying light and cheap to stamp and weld in high volumes. US car recycling is close to 100%. WSA (2012) via Smil (2016); USGS MCS 2026 | Aluminium body panels and frames Carbon-fibre composites Plastics for non-structural parts |
| **Other transport (ships, rail, aircraft parts)** | 4.8% | about 90 Mt a yearbasis | Ship plate, rails and wagons need strength, toughness and weldability in huge sections. Steel is the only material that does this at a cost per tonne in the hundreds of dollars. WSA (2012) via Smil (2016) | Aluminium in fast ferries and rail car bodies Composites in aircraft |
| **Electrical equipment (transformers, motors, generators, wind towers)** | 3% | about 56 Mt a yearbasis | Grain-oriented and non-oriented electrical steels carry magnetic flux with low losses, so they are essential in transformer cores and motors. The US stockpile plans to buy grain-oriented electrical steel. WSA (2012) via Smil (2016); USGS MCS 2026 (stockpile) | Amorphous metal cores for some transformers No practical substitute in large motors |
| **Domestic appliances** | 2% | about 38 Mt a yearbasis | Coated sheet and stainless are cheap, durable and easy to form into casings and drums. US appliance steel recycling is 78%. WSA (2012) via Smil (2016); USGS MCS 2026 | Plastics for casings Aluminium |

 Global end-use split by World Steel Association for 2011, as reported by Smil (2016). Volumes apply those shares to 2024 crude steel output, so they are indicative. In the US in 2025, construction took 31% of net shipments, service centres 26% and automotive 15% (USGS).

#### From mine to user

1. **1. Raw materials** Iron ore (about 1.35 t per t of pig iron in 2013), coking coal for coke (about 320 kg of coke per t of pig iron in 2015), limestone, and scrap (Smil).
2. **2. Ironmaking** Blast furnaces made about 1.30 Bt of pig iron in 2025 (USGS); DRI plants reduce ore with gas or coal, India being the largest DRI producer.
3. **3. Steelmaking** Basic oxygen furnaces blow 50-60 m3 of oxygen per t to cut carbon in pig iron; electric arc furnaces melt scrap and DRI at under 350 kWh/t (Smil). BOFs made about 70% of world steel in 2013.
4. **4. Secondary metallurgy and casting** Ladle refining adjusts chemistry and alloys; continuous casters make slab, billet and bloom (99.7% of US steel is continuously cast, USGS 2026).
5. **5. Rolling and finishing** Hot rolling to coil, plate, rebar and sections; cold rolling, galvanising and coating for autos and appliances. Hot-rolled flats were about 55% of output and rebar about 15% in 2013 (WSA via Smil).
6. **6. Distribution** Service centres and distributors cut and stock steel; US service centres held 6.7 Mt at end-2025 (USGS).
7. **7. End use and recycling** Steel serves for decades in buildings and machines, then returns as scrap. US scrap recycling has averaged 80-90%; recycling 1 t of steel saves 1.1 t of ore and 0.6 t of coking coal (USGS 2026).

#### Price movement snapshot 2026-10-25
 CME US Midwest hot-rolled coil futures 1,344 US$/short ton Close 2026-10-23 · Yahoo Finance 1 week **+4.6%** 6 months **+29.0%**

#### Three things to know

- Recycling a tonne of steel saves about 1.1 tonnes of iron ore, 0.6 tonne of coking coal and 0.05 tonne of limestone (USGS).
- China produced 1.01 billion of the world's 1.88 billion tonnes of raw steel in 2024 (USGS).
- North America recycles more than 13 million tonnes of steel a year from cars, roughly 17 million vehicles (USGS).

#### Top recent news snapshot 2026-10-25, last 30 days

- [Steel prices may rise another Rs 2,000 per tonne: Industry experts](https://news.google.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?oc=5)The New Indian Express · 2026-09-29
- [Weekly round-up: Indian steel prices fall on cautious buying](https://news.google.com/rss/articles/CBMiqAFBVV95cUxNREJZdzU5R3NnRXVfZWJWYloxcUhtSU9oZmNIR2p4eEdhY2JQTTlPMkQwVUdyQjJLbVA2akhBT1NJcTFjZzZ1RUo2RUdEeWc5UG5jOTdBeG8zcnBNWk9ON09fbzhrUWk4WTlhWDQ0RWR4WUhSelZsYUdBLW13dE51REY5QlNrV3FxVzNpOUtPcTl4Y1pjVFJ1NG03MUl6S3FDWFNNUlZQSHU?oc=5)BigMint · 2026-10-17
- [Global steel output drops in late summer](https://news.google.com/rss/articles/CBMioAFBVV95cUxQTE53MF9udEw4aUI3OXJtNUZ3Q2QyQ1VNSm5mOGdEWFEyM1NOTi1KamlxTjZkX29scXk2ZVpFRjQ1MkJFZkdSQmJlaUFtZF81RGE2Q2phT2VNb0pUOHBGekxtQ0pfbFRYekgwOGJWRV8zZFItbDRuMlNnLTRkSWxjdDBRbThBamRrQ0lrbTBoRDFHdU02WEcxVGJEdG1TTmRJ?oc=5)Recycling Today · 2026-09-28
- [Canadian steelmakers offset some US tariff pain with domestic demand](https://news.google.com/rss/articles/CBMiswFBVV95cUxOMldhLXNyRTVtNGxxVHN2Y2xISWVPeDRjXzlnRHBWQ2pNTFlVMktheFFGMkc4MnNpeHpMVllwVVJMUFVrZHRIOHpXMVE1M2RYN0p6S2tuQlJOdE1GMTctbmdibUVDaV93YWxaa01NbHpaZ2UxSVhGbU50YWRFN0xneERkdF84clprZWIwYUVaYU9nZmFHb1YzODI1cGRxTFhncS1GOW5oR0RtRUw1NGlQSGo0Zw?oc=5)Reuters · 2026-10-16
- [Higher steel prices contribute to SDI’s quarterly financial performance](https://news.google.com/rss/articles/CBMiqwFBVV95cUxNbl9UNDM1bmYta3RWQ0FXU3pVc2plRExBWmZCcDhxZ2JadnZoNGREaGoyeHJjc3pQS3RuUmxydURVQVd0MU5wdlFmVHRwWU9EaHAzQkpkLXhZQWJrM1Fvd2NjQUdXQWsySnFZNkRrTWFkT0FXREdnVHZOWUY4V01CSGVaZF9rM2d4YWdkeWpRLTFZRHFiM0hBZWhhM2JPVHh2dFh5dm5FekFJOXc?oc=5)Recycling Today · 2026-10-20

#### Read the tabs
[Extraction](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/extraction/)[Production](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/production/)[Stocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/stocks/)[Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/cycles/)[Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/trading/)[Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/movement/)[Criticality](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/criticality/)[Characteristics](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/characteristics/)[Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/emissions/)

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/correlation/index.md)
- [Extraction](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/extraction/index.md)
- [Production](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/production/index.md)
- [Stocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/stocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/movement/index.md)
- [Criticality](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/criticality/index.md)
- [Characteristics](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/characteristics/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/links/index.md)