# Electric and hybrid vehicles: Relationships Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_evs/links/ Every element and industry that Electric and hybrid vehicles is linked to, and how. Each pair has its own card explaining the relationships between the two. - [Lithium iron phosphate batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-lithium-iron-phosphate-batteries/): LFP became the most used EV battery chemistry in 2025 because it is the cheapest per kWh, which is what makes low-priced electric cars possible. Almost all of it is made in China, so EV growth in other countries leans on Chinese cells and cathodes. *(researched)* - [Nickel](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-nickel/): Long-range electric cars mostly run on nickel-rich NMC and NCA batteries, but iron phosphate (LFP) cells made up over 55% of EV batteries worldwide in 2025, so EV growth no longer translates one for one into nickel demand. Stainless steel, not cars, still takes most of the world's nickel. *(researched)* - [Nickel-rich lithium-ion batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-nickel-rich-lithium-ion-batteries/): Nickel-rich NMC cells store more energy per kilogram, so they remain the choice for long-range and premium EVs, especially outside China. They cost more per kWh than LFP, and their global share is shrinking as cheaper models switch chemistry. *(researched)* - [Copper](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/copper-and-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/): A battery electric car was estimated to use about 83 kg of copper against about 23 kg in a petrol or diesel car (ICA estimate, 2017), in motor windings, battery connections, high-voltage wiring and charging, so each switch to a battery car adds about 60 kg of copper demand. *(researched)* - [Demand response and vehicle-to-grid](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/demand-response-and-vehicle-to-grid-and-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/): Energy flows from demand response and vehicle-to-grid to electric and hybrid vehicles; energy flows from electric and hybrid vehicles to demand response and vehicle-to-grid. - [Autocatalysts](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/autocatalysts-and-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/): Their prices have moved together. - [Cobalt](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/cobalt-and-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/): Electric and hybrid vehicles needs cobalt. - [Distribution grids, mini-grids and interconnectors](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/distribution-grids-mini-grids-and-interconnectors-and-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/): Energy flows from distribution grids, mini-grids and interconnectors to electric and hybrid vehicles. - [E-commerce and digital marketplaces](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/e-commerce-and-digital-marketplaces-and-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles/): E-commerce and digital marketplaces depends on electric and hybrid vehicles. - [Electric motors and drives](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-electric-motors-and-drives/): Energy flows from electric motors and drives to electric and hybrid vehicles. - [Fuel cells](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-fuel-cells/): Energy flows from fuel cells to electric and hybrid vehicles. - [Graphite](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-graphite/): Electric and hybrid vehicles needs graphite. - [High-temperature batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-high-temperature-batteries/): Energy flows from high-temperature batteries to electric and hybrid vehicles. - [Hydrogen and hydrogen carriers](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-hydrogen-and-hydrogen-carriers/): Energy flows from hydrogen and hydrogen carriers to electric and hybrid vehicles. - [Lead-acid batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-lead-acid-batteries/): Energy flows from lead-acid batteries to electric and hybrid vehicles. - [Lithium](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-lithium/): Electric and hybrid vehicles needs lithium. - [Next-generation lithium batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-next-generation-lithium-batteries/): Energy flows from next-generation lithium batteries to electric and hybrid vehicles. - [Nickel-based batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-nickel-based-batteries/): Energy flows from nickel-based batteries to electric and hybrid vehicles. - [Railway electrification and wireless power](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-railway-electrification-and-wireless-power/): Energy flows from railway electrification and wireless power to electric and hybrid vehicles. - [Regenerative braking and motion recovery](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-regenerative-braking-and-motion-recovery/): Energy flows from electric and hybrid vehicles to regenerative braking and motion recovery. - [Sodium-ion batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-sodium-ion-batteries/): Energy flows from sodium-ion batteries to electric and hybrid vehicles. - [Transformers and power electronics](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-transformers-and-power-electronics/): Energy flows from transformers and power electronics to electric and hybrid vehicles. - [Transport and logistics](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-transport-and-logistics/): Transport and logistics depends on electric and hybrid vehicles. - [Vehicles, ships, rail, aircraft](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-vehicles-ships-rail-aircraft/): Vehicles, ships, rail, aircraft depends on electric and hybrid vehicles. - [Waste and recycling](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles-and-waste-and-recycling/): Waste and recycling depends on electric and hybrid vehicles. ## Other sections - [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_evs/index.md) - [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_evs/overview/index.md) - [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_evs/correlation/index.md) - [Science and limits](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_evs/science/index.md) - [Value chain](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_evs/valuechain/index.md) - [Unit economics](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_evs/economics/index.md) - [Engineering methods](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_evs/methods/index.md) - [Equipment and suppliers](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_evs/equipment/index.md)