# Flow batteries: What to track

Vanadium prices, DOE cost goals and suppliers fighting to survive

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_flow_batt/tracking/

What this tab covers The attributes worth tracking regularly, with the latest value, the direction of travel and why each matters.

Track vanadium LCOS against DOE's target, vanadium price and supply concentration, and the financial health of non-Chinese suppliers.

| Category | Attribute | Latest | Trend | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Techno-economic | **LCOS trajectory** | USD 0.16/kWh projected for 2030 (100 MW / 10 h) vs DOE target USD 0.05/kWh^[4](https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-07/Technology%20Strategy%20Assessment%20-%20Flow%20Batteries.pdf) | ↗ improving | Cost falls depend on cheaper electrolyte and stacks. |
| Technical | **Capacity fade and state of health** | Electrolyte 10,000 cycles; stacks and pumps 12 years (DOE); organic electrolytes mostly fade above 0.1% a day^[4](https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-07/Technology%20Strategy%20Assessment%20-%20Flow%20Batteries.pdf)^[14](https://aziz.seas.harvard.edu/sites/projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/newaziz/files/mja300.pdf) | → stable | Stack replacement mid-life is the main ageing cost; organic molecules still need longer lifetimes. |
| Supply chain | **Critical mineral cost and geopolitical concentration** | China about 75% of vanadium mine output (calculated); V2O5 USD 5.02/lb (2025)^[2](https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf) | ↕ volatile | Vanadium price spikes raise electrolyte cost directly; leasing models shift this risk. |
| Market | **Ancillary service market saturation** | Short-duration markets dominated by lithium-ion; US 4 h LCOS USD 210-292/MWh (Lazard, Jul 2026)^[9](https://www.lazard.com/media/kcfconhf/lazards-lcoeplus_vf.pdf) | ↘ worsening | Flow batteries need long-duration products to earn their keep. |
| Regulatory | **Safety and environmental compliance** | EU battery passport for industrial batteries above 2 kWh from 18 Feb 2027; NFPA 855 applies in the US^[11](https://www.sgs.com/en/news/2023/09/safeguards-11523-eu-issues-new-regulation-on-batteries-and-waste-batteries) | → stable | Non-flammable electrolytes ease fire permitting, but acid and bromine handling rules apply. |
| Environmental | **Lifecycle carbon payback period** | No recent peer-reviewed figure retrieved for this tile | → stable | The source of vanadium (primary ore or steel slag) changes embodied carbon substantially. |
| Technical | **System round-trip efficiency (technology-specific)** | 70-80% typical (Sandia); 65% DOE 2030 base; field peaks 82-86%^[4](https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-07/Technology%20Strategy%20Assessment%20-%20Flow%20Batteries.pdf)^[17](https://www.sandia.gov/app/uploads/sites/273/2021/12/3_Passell_Howard_SNL_NECPUC_Session1_3-19-2021.pdf)^[18](https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/74248.pdf) | → stable | Efficiency drops at low power because pumps run regardless. |
| Corporate | **Supplier financial health (technology-specific)** | ESS Inc FY2025 revenue USD 1.6 million, net loss USD 63.4 million (going-concern warning Aug 2025); Redflow failed 2024^[5](https://www.energy-storage.news/?p=85125)^[6](https://www.energy-storage.news/?p=97047)^[7](https://www.ess-news.com/2024/08/23/australian-battery-manufacturer-redflow-enters-voluntary-administration/) | ↘ worsening | Warranty and spares depend on the supplier surviving the project life. |
| Market | **Long-duration procurement pipeline (technology-specific)** | NTPC REL 100 MWh vanadium project awarded (Jul 2026); Idemitsu 864 MWh plan (Jul 2026); CMBlu-Uniper at least 5 GWh framework (Jan 2026)^[13](https://www.ess-news.com/2026/07/22/idemitsu-plans-864-mwh-vanadium-flow-battery-at-australian-coal-mine-site/)^[21](https://www.argusmedia.com/pt/news-and-insights/latest-market-news/2854779-india-s-delectrik-wins-100mwh-vrfb-storage-project)^[23](https://www.cmblu.com/en/press-and-media/5-gwh-agreement-uniper-cmblu/) | ↗ improving | Dedicated tenders are the main route to bankable revenue. |

#### Sources

1. [Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Vanadium](https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-vanadium.pdf) US Geological Survey, 2026
2. [Technology Strategy Assessment: Flow Batteries (Energy Storage Grand Challenge), Table 2 p. 5](https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-07/Technology%20Strategy%20Assessment%20-%20Flow%20Batteries.pdf) US Department of Energy, 2023
3. [Iron flow battery maker ESS Inc warns of survival battle through 'operational reset' period](https://www.energy-storage.news/?p=85125) Energy-Storage.news, 2025
4. [Flow battery startup ESS Tech Inc looks to acquisitions, big-name US partnerships for hope in future profitability](https://www.energy-storage.news/?p=97047) Energy-Storage.news, 2026
5. [Australian battery manufacturer Redflow enters voluntary administration](https://www.ess-news.com/2024/08/23/australian-battery-manufacturer-redflow-enters-voluntary-administration/) ESS News (pv magazine), 2024
6. [Lazard's Levelized Cost of Energy+ (LCOE+), July 2026 (LCOS v11.0 key assumptions p. 38; LCOE v19.0 assumptions p. 28)](https://www.lazard.com/media/kcfconhf/lazards-lcoeplus_vf.pdf) Lazard, 2026
7. [SafeGuardS 115/23: EU issues new regulation on batteries and waste batteries (summary of Regulation (EU) 2023/1542)](https://www.sgs.com/en/news/2023/09/safeguards-11523-eu-issues-new-regulation-on-batteries-and-waste-batteries) SGS, 2023
8. [Idemitsu plans 864 MWh vanadium flow battery at Australian coal mine site (22 Jul 2026)](https://www.ess-news.com/2026/07/22/idemitsu-plans-864-mwh-vanadium-flow-battery-at-australian-coal-mine-site/) ESS News (pv magazine), 2026
9. [Electrolyte lifetime in aqueous organic redox flow batteries: a critical review (Kwabi, Ji and Aziz, Chemical Reviews 120)](https://aziz.seas.harvard.edu/sites/projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/newaziz/files/mja300.pdf) American Chemical Society / Harvard University, 2020
10. [Energy Storage Overview (H. Passell, NECPUC Energy Storage Webinar Series, 19 Mar 2021)](https://www.sandia.gov/app/uploads/sites/273/2021/12/3_Passell_Howard_SNL_NECPUC_Session1_3-19-2021.pdf) Sandia National Laboratories, 2021
11. [Utility-scale vanadium redox flow battery for distribution grid support: system dynamics and efficiencies (NREL/PO-5D00-74248)](https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/74248.pdf) National Renewable Energy Laboratory with Sumitomo Electric USA, 2019
12. [India's Delectrik wins 100MWh VRFB storage project (21 Jul 2026)](https://www.argusmedia.com/pt/news-and-insights/latest-market-news/2854779-india-s-delectrik-wins-100mwh-vrfb-storage-project) Argus Media, 2026
13. [CMBlu Energy and Uniper sign long-term framework agreement for 5 GWh of SolidFlow large-scale battery storage (press release, 3 Feb 2026)](https://www.cmblu.com/en/press-and-media/5-gwh-agreement-uniper-cmblu/) CMBlu Energy, 2026

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_flow_batt/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_flow_batt/overview/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_flow_batt/correlation/index.md)
- [Science and technology](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_flow_batt/sg-sci/index.md)
- [Engineering and performance](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_flow_batt/sg-eng/index.md)
- [Economics](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_flow_batt/sg-econ/index.md)
- [Impact and additionality](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_flow_batt/sg-impact/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_flow_batt/links/index.md)