# High-temperature batteries: Overview

The molten-metal batteries that ran grids long before lithium

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_hightemp_batt/overview/

What this tile covers Molten-electrode batteries that run hot. Share of use <.01% share of world stored energy (2025)

Share of the world's stored energy (energy capacity held, TWh, latest year 2019 to 2026) across the forms with figures, about 22,551 TWh; fuel stocks dominate. Battery and other stores count capacity, not state of charge About 5 GWh of sodium-sulphur batteries at more than 250 sites (NGK, reported 2025); ZEBRA cells add little. Source: [Japan's NGK discontinues manufacturing of sodium-sulfur batteries](https://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/11/05/japans-ngk-discontinues-manufacturing-of-sodium-sulfur-batteries/), pv magazine / ESS News.

#### Key facts

| **Duration** | Hours |
|---|---|

#### Included from the reference tables

- Sodium-sulphur
- Sodium-nickel chloride (ZEBRA)

#### Linked to the material world
[S Sulfur](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/sulfur/)[Ni Nickel](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/nickel/)

#### Also in Electrochemical
[LFP Lithium iron phosphate batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_li_lfp/)[NMC Nickel-rich lithium-ion batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_li_nmc/)[SSB Next-generation lithium batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_li_next/)[Na+ Sodium-ion batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_sodium_ion/)[PbA Lead-acid batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_lead_acid/)[NiB Nickel-based batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_nickel_batt/)[VRF Flow batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_flow_batt/)[FeAir Metal-air batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_metal_air/)[Zn Other and primary batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_other_batt/)

Explore paths from here
 More on this tile in the tabs above: science and technology, engineering and performance, economics, impact and additionality, what to track.

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_hightemp_batt/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_hightemp_batt/correlation/index.md)
- [Science and technology](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_hightemp_batt/sg-sci/index.md)
- [Engineering and performance](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_hightemp_batt/sg-eng/index.md)
- [Economics](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_hightemp_batt/sg-econ/index.md)
- [Impact and additionality](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_hightemp_batt/sg-impact/index.md)
- [What to track](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_hightemp_batt/tracking/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_hightemp_batt/links/index.md)