# Waste-to-energy: What to track

Watch plant hours, waste quality and coming carbon costs

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_waste_to_energy/tracking/

What this tab covers The attributes worth tracking regularly, with the latest value, the direction of travel and why each matters.

For investors, watch plant availability, waste quality, and the arrival of carbon prices on waste combustion.

| Category | Attribute | Latest | Trend | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operational | **Capacity factor and operating hours** | 21 MSW incineration plants operational in 10 states and UTs (CPCB, April 2025); 13 in FY2021-22^[5](https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/MSW_AnnualReport_2021-22.pdf)^[15](https://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/in-court/report-filed-by-the-central-pollution-control-board-on-waste-to-energy-plants-15042025) | ↗ improving | Many Indian plants have run far below design hours or closed. |
| Operational | **Thermal efficiency over time (fuel quality)** | Indian MSW 1,411-2,150 kcal/kg vs 1,800 kcal/kg threshold (CSE, 2019)^[1](https://www.downtoearth.org.in/waste/trash-fired-power-plants-wasted-in-india-63984) | ↗ improving | Source segregation and RDF processing raise heating value; watch it plant by plant. |
| Counterparty | **Host counterparty credit and utilisation** | 13 operating plants of about 127 MW (FY2021-22); 26 states and UTs with no operating plant (2025)^[5](https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/MSW_AnnualReport_2021-22.pdf)^[15](https://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/in-court/report-filed-by-the-central-pollution-control-board-on-waste-to-energy-plants-15042025) | → stable | Municipal payment and waste delivery drive stranding risk. |
| Impact | **t CO2e avoided per dollar invested** | Co-firing: 3.477 Mt CO2 avoided (as reported); no per-dollar figure sourced^[9](https://powerline.net.in/2025/12/09/decarbonising-coal-co-firing-as-a-viable-pathway-to-cleaner-thermal-power-generation/) | ↗ improving | Compare co-processing and co-firing (clear gains) with incineration (gains mainly versus dumps). |
| Operational | **Heat exchanger fouling and cleaning frequency** | Corrosion limits steam to about 4 MPa and 400 C^[4](https://www.aidic.it/cet/10/21/141.pdf) | → stable | Boiler fouling sets availability and electrical efficiency. |
| Policy | **Local carbon pricing and penalties** | EU ETS EUR 82-88/t in October 2026 (82.40 on 5 Oct, 88.3 on 12 Oct); Commission proposal of 17 July 2026 phases in incinerator surrender from 25% of 2031 emissions to 100% from 2034 (plants above 3 t/h). India's CCTS: obligations from FY2025-26 for seven industrial sectors including cement, not WtE^[12](https://www.spglobal.com/energy/en/news-research/latest-news/natural-gas/100526-european-carbon-prices-drop-to-7-week-low-as-market-eyes-upcoming-policy-agenda)^[13](https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/compliance-obligations-under-indias-carbon-credit-trading-scheme-enter-force-seven-sectors)^[16](https://www.loyensloeff.com/insights/news--events/news/european-commission-proposal-extension-of-the-eu-ets-to-waste-incineration/)^[17](https://gmk.center/en/news/european-carbon-prices-rose-to-e88-t-in-october/) | ↘ worsening | A carbon cost on the fossil share will squeeze merchant WtE in Europe; in India, cement plants under CCTS gain a reason to raise RDF use. |
| Technology-specific | **Cement thermal substitution rate (TSR)** | India about 6% average (GCCA India, 2025); SWM Rules 2026 require 15% RDF within six years^[7](https://www.insightsonindia.com/2026/01/29/solid-waste-management-swm-rules-2026/)^[10](https://globalcement.com/news/20131-india-s-cement-sector-embraces-decarbonisation-amidst-robust-outlook) | ↗ improving | Main driver of RDF demand in India. |
| Technology-specific | **Used-oil EPR re-refined content target** | 5% RRBO from April 2024 rising to 50% by 2029 (as reported; draft text stated 10% rising 10 points a year)^[8](https://www.fuelsandlubes.com/indias-rrbo-epr-targets-feasibility-concerns-raised/)^[11](https://www.downtoearth.org.in/pollution/can-extended-producer-responsibility-improve-circularity-in-india-s-waste-oil-management-89192) | ↗ improving | Creates a captive market for re-refiners; feasibility contested. |
| Policy | **CBAM certificate price (cement exports to EU)** | EUR 82.32/t for Q3 2026 (EUR 75.36 Q1, 75.28 Q2); certificates bought on the central platform from February 2027^[14](https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/price-cbam-certificates_en) | ↕ volatile | Raises the value of fuel substitution for Indian cement exported to the EU. |

#### Sources

1. [Trash-fired power plants wasted in India](https://www.downtoearth.org.in/waste/trash-fired-power-plants-wasted-in-india-63984) Down To Earth (Centre for Science and Environment), 2019
2. [Energy efficient processing of waste (Pavlas, Tous, Bebar), Chemical Engineering Transactions 21: 841-846](https://www.aidic.it/cet/10/21/141.pdf) AIDIC, 2010
3. [Annual Report 2021-22 on implementation of Solid Waste Management Rules 2016](https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/MSW_AnnualReport_2021-22.pdf) Central Pollution Control Board, 2023
4. [Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules, 2026 (summary of PIB release PRID 2219676)](https://www.insightsonindia.com/2026/01/29/solid-waste-management-swm-rules-2026/) Insights IAS, 2026
5. [India's RRBO EPR targets: feasibility concerns raised (Kline presentation at ALIA seminar)](https://www.fuelsandlubes.com/indias-rrbo-epr-targets-feasibility-concerns-raised/) Fuels & Lubes, 2023
6. [Decarbonising Coal: Co-firing as a viable pathway to cleaner thermal power generation](https://powerline.net.in/2025/12/09/decarbonising-coal-co-firing-as-a-viable-pathway-to-cleaner-thermal-power-generation/) Power Line (citing CAQM and Ministry of Power), 2025
7. [India's cement sector embraces decarbonisation amidst robust outlook (citing GCCA India)](https://globalcement.com/news/20131-india-s-cement-sector-embraces-decarbonisation-amidst-robust-outlook) Global Cement, 2025
8. [Can Extended Producer Responsibility improve circularity in India's waste oil management](https://www.downtoearth.org.in/pollution/can-extended-producer-responsibility-improve-circularity-in-india-s-waste-oil-management-89192) Down To Earth, 2023
9. [European carbon prices drop to 7-week low as market eyes upcoming policy agenda](https://www.spglobal.com/energy/en/news-research/latest-news/natural-gas/100526-european-carbon-prices-drop-to-7-week-low-as-market-eyes-upcoming-policy-agenda) S&P Global Commodity Insights, 2026
10. [Compliance obligations under India's Carbon Credit Trading Scheme enter force for seven sectors](https://icapcarbonaction.com/en/news/compliance-obligations-under-indias-carbon-credit-trading-scheme-enter-force-seven-sectors) ICAP, 2026
11. [Price of CBAM certificates](https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/price-cbam-certificates_en) European Commission (DG TAXUD), 2026
12. [Report filed by the Central Pollution Control Board on waste to energy plants, 15 April 2025](https://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/in-court/report-filed-by-the-central-pollution-control-board-on-waste-to-energy-plants-15042025) India Environment Portal (CSE), reproducing CPCB filing to NGT, 2025
13. [European Commission proposal: extension of the EU ETS to waste incineration](https://www.loyensloeff.com/insights/news--events/news/european-commission-proposal-extension-of-the-eu-ets-to-waste-incineration/) Loyens & Loeff, 2026
14. [European carbon prices rose to EUR 88/t in October](https://gmk.center/en/news/european-carbon-prices-rose-to-e88-t-in-october/) GMK Center (ICE data), 2026

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_waste_to_energy/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_waste_to_energy/overview/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_waste_to_energy/correlation/index.md)
- [Science and thermodynamics](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_waste_to_energy/rc-sci/index.md)
- [Engineering and integration](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_waste_to_energy/rc-eng/index.md)
- [Economics and contracts](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_waste_to_energy/rc-econ/index.md)
- [Impact and additionality](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_waste_to_energy/rc-impact/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_waste_to_energy/links/index.md)