# Low-carbon hydrogen and e-fuels

Hydrogen made without unabated fossil CO2 and the fuels built from it (green ammonia, e-methanol, e-SAF); about 1% of hydrogen supply today.

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/

Conversion and use · Fuel processing · No. 108

- Product family
- Feedstock: Oil, gas or coal
- low-emissions hydrogen about 1 Mt in 2025, of almost 100 Mt total hydrogen; e-methanol tens of kt (Kassø 42 kt a year); e-SAF near zero at commercial scale
- 1.5 t CO₂e per t
- HS 280410, 290511
 Conversion and use · Specialty chemicals · Foundation · Energy

The world uses almost 100 Mt of hydrogen a year, yet barely 1% is made without fossil carbon.

Chart: Illustration: Low-carbon hydrogen and e-fuels

##### Where it comes from

Chart: Map of where it comes from

Renewable electricity splits water in electrolysers, using about 50-55 MWh per tonne; blue hydrogen instead reforms natural gas and captures the CO2.

##### Three things to know

1. Projects at final investment decision or running add up to just over 4 Mt a year by 2030, against 37 Mt announced.
2. Chinese electrolysers cost $600-1,200/kW, against $2,000-2,600/kW outside China, and China makes nearly 60% of them.
3. India's 2025 tenders bought refinery green hydrogen at about $4.6/kg and green ammonia at Rs 49.75-64.74/kg.

##### The journey

1. 1 **Clean power**Renewables, or gas with carbon capture
2. 2 **Electrolysis**Electricity splits water into hydrogen, oxygen
3. 3 **Hydrogen**Used directly in refineries and fertiliser
4. 4 **Carriers**Converted to ammonia, methanol or e-SAF
5. 5 **Shipping, export**Ammonia tankers from India, Gulf to Europe

##### Go deeper pick a tab to open it in full

## Other sections

- [Energy overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/energy/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/correlation/index.md)
- [Science and limits](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/science/index.md)
- [Value chain](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/valuechain/index.md)
- [Unit economics](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/economics/index.md)
- [Engineering methods](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/methods/index.md)
- [Equipment and suppliers](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/equipment/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/overview/index.md)
- [Production route](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/routes/index.md)
- [Production](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/production/index.md)
- [Feedstocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/feedstocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/movement/index.md)
- [Regulation](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/regulation/index.md)
- [Characteristics](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/characteristics/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/links/index.md)