# Low-carbon hydrogen and e-fuels: Production

Why only a sliver of announced projects ever get built

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/production/

What this tab covers Who makes it and how much: world capacity and output, utilisation, the top producing countries and companies globally and in India, concentration, new capacity coming, and each region's position.

| Measure | Figure | Detail | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| **World capacity** | about 2 GW of electrolysis installed (2024) | Over 200 low-emissions projects reached FID since 2020. Electrolysis projects drove more than 80% of the fall in announced 2030 supply in 2023-24. | IEA GHR 2025 via hydrogen tile |
| **World output** | about 1 Mt low-emissions hydrogen (2025) | Mostly green hydrogen in China, blue hydrogen in North America, and small electrolysis projects in Europe and India. | IEA GHR 2025 via hydrogen tile |
| **Capacity utilisation** | not published | Electrolysers on variable renewables run at 30-60% capacity factors unless hybridised with storage (indicative). | Indicative |
| **Concentration** | not published for low-carbon hydrogen; electrolyser manufacturing about 60% China | Project ownership is spread across utilities, oil majors, gas companies and renewable developers. | IEA via hydrogen tile |
| **New capacity** | just over 4 Mt a year low-emissions hydrogen by 2030 at FID or operating; 37 Mt announced | NEOM (2.2 GW, about 2026-27), Blue Point (blue ammonia), Indian SECI and SIGHT awards; e-SAF projects of over 2 Mt a year in Europe, none at FID; Sungas Renewables bio-methanol (Louisiana, FID, 2028) and EM-Numancia (Spain). | IEA GHR 2025; methanol tile (Argus; CRU); PwC Strategy& (2026) |

#### Top producing countries

- **China**: largest electrolyser fleet and nearly 60% of electrolyser manufacturing
- **Saudi Arabia**: NEOM Green Hydrogen about 2.2 GW for green ammonia (start about 2026-27, indicative)
- **United States**: blue ammonia (Blue Point, civil works 2026); 45V credit
- **European Union**: Kassø e-methanol 42 kt; RFNBO mandates; no large e-SAF FID
- **India**: 724 kt/yr green ammonia contracted; 10 kt/yr green H2 at Panipat; L&T Green 90 kt/yr under SIGHT
 IEA via hydrogen tile; hydrogen tile; hydrogen and ammonia tiles (CF Industries 2025); methanol tile; PwC Strategy& (2026); ammonia and hydrogen tiles (SECI; JMK Research)

#### Largest producers: global

| Company | Country | Volume | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Air Products / ACWA Power / NEOM (NEOM Green Hydrogen Company)** green ammonia for export | Saudi Arabia/US | 2.2 GW electrolysis | start about 2026-27 | [hydrogen tile (indicative)](https://www.airproducts.com/) |
| **CF Industries / JERA / Mitsui (Blue Point)** CF dropped its Donaldsonville electrolyser in Dec 2025 | US/Japan | not published | civil works 2026 | [ammonia tile (CF Industries 2025)](https://www.cfindustries.com/) |
| **European Energy (Kassø)** world's largest e-methanol plant at start-up | Denmark | 42 kt/yr e-methanol | 2025 | [methanol tile (Argus 2025)](https://europeanenergy.com/) |
| **ACWA Power** NEOM partner | Saudi Arabia | not published | 2025 | [hydrogen tile](https://www.acwapower.com/) |
| **Sinopec** largest hydrogen producer overall | China | not published | 2025 | [Indicative](http://www.sinopecgroup.com/group/en/) |

#### Largest producers: India

| Company | Country | Volume | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| **ACME Cleantech** about 66 kt H2 embedded | India | 370 kt/yr green ammonia awarded (SECI) | 2025 | [SECI via ESMAP (2025)](https://www.esmap.org/sites/default/files/2022/2025/H4D%20Presentations/1-SECI-Green-Ammonia-Tender-2025.pdf) |
| **L&T Green** also IOCL Panipat 10 kt at Rs 397/kg | India | 90 kt/yr green H2 (SIGHT Mode I Tranche II) | 2025 | [JMK Research (May 2025)](https://jmkresearch.com/iocl-concludes-indias-first-green-h2-end-user-offtake-auction-at-us4-6-per-kg/) |
| **NTPC Renewable Energy** | India | 70 kt/yr green ammonia awarded (SECI) | 2025 | ammonia tile (SECI via ESMAP) |
| **Jakson Green** | India | 85 kt/yr green ammonia awarded (SECI) | 2025 | ammonia tile (SECI via ESMAP) |
| **Ocior Energy** lowest Indian green H2 bid found | India | not published | Sep 2025 | PTI via The Week, via hydrogen tile |

India uses about 6 Mt of grey hydrogen a year. The National Green Hydrogen Mission targets 5 Mt a year of green hydrogen by 2030; contracted volumes are in the hundreds of kilotonnes, led by SECI's 724 kt a year of green ammonia (hydrogen and ammonia tiles).

#### Position by region

| Region | Position |
|---|---|
| **US** | 45V credit (tiered up to $3/kg) narrowed by 2025 legislation (indicative); blue ammonia leads. |
| **EU** | RED III RFNBO targets (42% of industrial hydrogen renewable by 2030), ReFuelEU e-SAF sub-mandate, CBAM on hydrogen and ammonia from 2026. |
| **India** | SIGHT incentives and SECI auctions; green ammonia within about 10-45% of grey; 2026 Hormuz shock raised grey costs. |
| **China** | Largest installed electrolysis and cheapest electrolysers ($600-1,200/kW); e-SAF costs 25-50% below Europe. |
| **Japan** | Hydrogen Society Promotion Act (2024) with 15-year price-gap support for imports (indicative). |
| **Middle East** | NEOM and Oman projects aim at export; Hormuz near-closure in 2026 showed transit risk. |

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/index.md)
- [Energy overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/energy/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/correlation/index.md)
- [Science and limits](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/science/index.md)
- [Value chain](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/valuechain/index.md)
- [Unit economics](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/economics/index.md)
- [Engineering methods](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/methods/index.md)
- [Equipment and suppliers](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/equipment/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/overview/index.md)
- [Production route](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/routes/index.md)
- [Feedstocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/feedstocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/movement/index.md)
- [Regulation](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/regulation/index.md)
- [Characteristics](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/characteristics/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/links/index.md)