# Low-carbon hydrogen and e-fuels: Regulation

The mandates and credits that create hydrogen buyers

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/regulation/

What this tab covers How it is regulated and what could disrupt supply: hazard classification, rules in the EU, US and India, anti-dumping duties and other trade measures, and supply-risk notes.

#### Hazards

| Classification | UN number | Key risks |
|---|---|---|
| hydrogen: flammable gas cat 1A; ammonia: acute toxicity, corrosive; methanol: flammable, toxic | UN1049 / UN1005 / UN1230 | Hydrogen leaks and explosions; ammonia toxicity; methanol poisoning. |

#### Main rules

| Where | Rule | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| **EU** | RED III (42% renewable hydrogen in industry by 2030); ReFuelEU Aviation synthetic fuel sub-mandate from 2030; FuelEU Maritime; CBAM on hydrogen and ammonia from 2026 | creates the largest compliance market |
| **US** | 45V clean hydrogen credit, tiered by lifecycle intensity, narrowed by 2025 legislation (indicative) | drives blue and some green projects |
| **Japan and Korea** | Contracts for difference for hydrogen and ammonia imports and co-firing (indicative) | anchor buyers for Gulf, Indian and Australian exports |
| **IMO** | Net-Zero Framework for shipping (adoption delayed in 2025, indicative) | would set a carbon price on ship fuel |

#### India

| Rule | Effect |
|---|---|
| **National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023): 5 Mt a year by 2030; SIGHT incentives for electrolysers and green hydrogen and ammonia** | subsidised tenders |
| **Green Hydrogen Standard for India: at most 2 kg CO2e per kg H2, well-to-gate** | defines eligibility |
| **PESO Gas Cylinders Rules 2016 and SMPV(U) Rules 2016** | storage and transport licensing |

#### Trade measures

- EU CBAM covers hydrogen (CN 2804 10) and ammonia from 2026
- Barriers to Chinese electrolysers outside China (IEA 2025)

#### Supply risk

The constraint is demand and finance, not geology. Electrolyser manufacturing is about 60% Chinese; iridium and platinum for PEM stacks are critical minerals. Export lanes from the Gulf pass Hormuz.

## Other sections

- [Summary](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/index.md)
- [Energy overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/energy/index.md)
- [Correlation](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/correlation/index.md)
- [Science and limits](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/science/index.md)
- [Value chain](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/valuechain/index.md)
- [Unit economics](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/economics/index.md)
- [Engineering methods](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/methods/index.md)
- [Equipment and suppliers](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/equipment/index.md)
- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/overview/index.md)
- [Production route](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/routes/index.md)
- [Production](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/production/index.md)
- [Feedstocks](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/feedstocks/index.md)
- [Cycles](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/cycles/index.md)
- [Trading](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/trading/index.md)
- [Movement](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/movement/index.md)
- [Characteristics](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/characteristics/index.md)
- [Emissions](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/emissions/index.md)
- [Relationships](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/green_hydrogen_carriers/links/index.md)