# Computers and electronics Stratum 3 · Complex manufacturing and the built world Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/ Stratum 3 · Complex manufacturing and the built world ## Computers and electronics This industry turns chips, displays, batteries and other components into phones, PCs, servers, networking gear and consumer electronics. JEITA estimates 2025 world production of the electronics and IT industries at about US$ 4.12 trillion, of which US$ 1.59 trillion is IT solution services, leaving roughly US$ 2.5 trillion of hardware, components and chips (calculated), including about US$ 0.77 trillion of semiconductors. Brands are mostly American, Korean and Chinese, while assembly is concentrated in China and Taiwan-owned contract manufacturers, with India and Vietnam gaining fast.^[1](https://www.jeita.or.jp/english/press/2025/1216.pdf) **India.** India's electronics production reached ₹11.3 lakh crore in 2024-25, with exports of ₹3.27 lakh crore^[5](https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2025/oct/doc20251027678301.pdf), rising past ₹4 lakh crore in calendar 2025 led by smartphones and ₹2.03 lakh crore of iPhone exports^[2](https://www.siasat.com/indias-electronics-exports-crossed-rs-4-lakh-crore-in-2025-vaishnaw-3325132/amp/). Value added is still thin, so the Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme had cleared 106 component projects with over ₹69,000 crore of investment by August 2026^[4](https://theprint.in/economy/govt-clears-31-electronics-component-projects-worth-rs-7877-cr-investments-in-5-rounds-top-rs-69000-cr/3017582/). Depends on 6 of 35 industries · 3 directly Relied on by 15 industries, directly or indirectly Enterprise types 10 in 5 stages Chokepoints 2 rated 5 of 5 Size about US$ 2.5 trillion of hardware, components and chips (calculated: JEITA's US$ 4.12 trillion electronics and IT estimate minus US$ 1.59 trillion of IT services; includes about US$ 0.77 trillion of chips) 2025 ## [Where ₹100 of computers and electronics output goes](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/cost-mix/) Where ₹100 of computers and electronics output goes Every rupee of sales is paid out to someone along the chain. This splits ₹100 of output by who finally receives it, so you can see how exposed the industry is to commodity, chemical and energy prices. Commodities ₹10.8 Chemicals ₹1.3 Energy ₹9.7… ## [Price links with supplier industries](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/price-links/) Price links with supplier industries How the industries this one buys from shape its prices: the share of its costs they make up, and how their prices have moved together. Tap a row for the charts. Hover or tap ? for what each measure means. Supplier industry Cost share Raw-material mix… ## [Follow one offering through the chain](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/story/) Follow one offering through the chain 3 Example story · 8 steps · India An iPhone 17 assembled in India Follow one phone from Asian chips, panels and casings through an Indian assembly line to the shop and, finally, the recycler. 1 / 8 · Chips and core components Chips from Taiwan and Korea 70%… ## [Buys directly from](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/linked-industries/) Buys directly from Semiconductors Plastic and rubber products Metal products Depends on through its suppliers Electrical equipment Machinery and equipment Water and sanitation Sells directly into Wholesale and retail trade Transport and logistics Data centres and cloud Telecommunications Aerospace… ## [Value chain, from upstream to the customer](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/value-chain/) Value chain, from upstream to the customer Criticality to the chain: 5 · Chokepoint 4 · Critical 3 · Important 2 · Supporting 1 · Commodity service Stage 1 Chips and core components Chip and memory suppliers 5 · Chokepoint Sell processors, memory, storage controllers, radio and power chips to… ## [What the whole chain draws on](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/materials/) What the whole chain draws on Every commodity, chemical and energy tile named by the enterprises above; ×n shows how many of them depend on it. Open any tile for its full detail. Commodities (19) Cu Copper ×4 Au Gold ×2 Sn Tin ×2 Co Cobalt ×2 Si Silicon In Indium Li Lithium Gr Graphite REE Rare… ## [Chokepoints and risks](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/risks/) Chokepoints and risks Chips and memory are the gating input: three DRAM makers with about 92% of revenue 6 and one leading-edge foundry set supply for the whole industry. China still dominates component and sub-assembly supply, and rare-earth magnet and mineral export controls can halt lines… ## [Sources](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/sources/) Sources Production forecasts for the global electronics and IT industries Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA), 2025 India's electronics exports crossed Rs 4 lakh crore in 2025: Vaishnaw Siasat (PTI), 2026 Foxconn posts record Q4 revenue on surging AI server… ## Relationship cards - [Waste and recycling](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-waste-and-recycling/): Discarded phones, computers and screens are the feedstock for e-waste recyclers, and India's extended producer responsibility rules make electronics brands pay recyclers to take them back. The money link is small in input-output terms, but the rules, the certificate price and the metal content of circuit boards decide whether formal recycling can outbid the informal trade. *(researched)* - [Semiconductors](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-semiconductors/): Chips are the largest single input to phones, PCs and servers, and those devices in turn buy most of the world's chips. A swing in chip prices, above all memory, moves device costs within a quarter, and India's push to assemble devices under PLI is now being followed by subsidies to make the chips themselves. *(researched)* - [Gold](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-gold/): Electronics uses only about 5% of the gold bought each year, but chips, contacts and boards rely on it for corrosion-free connections, and discarded phone boards hold hundreds of grams of gold per tonne, making e-waste a second source of the metal. *(researched)* - [Silicon](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-silicon/): Every chip in a phone, PC or server is built on a silicon wafer, but chips use only a sliver of world silicon output: most silicon metal goes to aluminium alloys and silicones, and the ultra-pure grades for chips and solar are refined from a base that China dominates. *(researched)* - [Data centres and cloud](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-data-centres-and-cloud/): Data centres and cloud buys from Computers and electronics; computers and electronics buys from Data centres and cloud; computers and electronics depends on data centres and cloud; data centres and cloud depends on computers and electronics. - [E-commerce and digital marketplaces](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-e-commerce-and-digital-marketplaces/): Computers and electronics buys from E-commerce and digital marketplaces; E-commerce and digital marketplaces buys from Computers and electronics; computers and electronics depends on E-commerce and digital marketplaces; E-commerce and digital marketplaces depends on computers and electronics. - [Finance: banking, insurance, markets](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-finance-banking-insurance-markets/): Finance: banking, insurance, markets buys from Computers and electronics; computers and electronics buys from Finance: banking, insurance, markets; computers and electronics depends on finance: banking, insurance, markets; finance: banking, insurance, markets depends on computers and electronics. - [Machinery and equipment](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-machinery-and-equipment/): Machinery and equipment buys from Computers and electronics; computers and electronics buys from Machinery and equipment; machinery and equipment depends on computers and electronics; computers and electronics depends on machinery and equipment. - [Software and IT services](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-software-and-it-services/): Software and IT services buys from Computers and electronics; computers and electronics buys from Software and IT services; computers and electronics depends on software and IT services; software and IT services depends on computers and electronics. - [Transport and logistics](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-transport-and-logistics/): Transport and logistics buys from Computers and electronics; computers and electronics buys from Transport and logistics; computers and electronics depends on transport and logistics; transport and logistics depends on computers and electronics. - [Wholesale and retail trade](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-wholesale-and-retail-trade/): Wholesale and retail trade buys from Computers and electronics; computers and electronics buys from Wholesale and retail trade; computers and electronics depends on wholesale and retail trade; wholesale and retail trade depends on computers and electronics. - [AI and digital platforms](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/ai-and-digital-platforms-and-computers-and-electronics/): AI and digital platforms buys from Computers and electronics; AI and digital platforms depends on computers and electronics. - [Aerospace and defence](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/aerospace-and-defence-and-computers-and-electronics/): Aerospace and defence buys from Computers and electronics; aerospace and defence depends on computers and electronics. - [Education and research](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-education-and-research/): Education and research buys from Computers and electronics; education and research depends on computers and electronics. - [Electrical equipment](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-electrical-equipment/): Computers and electronics buys from Electrical equipment; computers and electronics depends on electrical equipment. - [Media and entertainment](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-media-and-entertainment/): Media and entertainment buys from Computers and electronics; media and entertainment depends on computers and electronics. - [Medical devices](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-medical-devices/): Medical devices buys from Computers and electronics; medical devices depends on computers and electronics. - [Metal products](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-metal-products/): Computers and electronics buys from Metal products; computers and electronics depends on metal products. - [Paper and packaging](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-paper-and-packaging/): Computers and electronics buys from Paper and packaging; computers and electronics depends on paper and packaging. - [Plastic and rubber products](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-plastic-and-rubber-products/): Computers and electronics buys from Plastic and rubber products; computers and electronics depends on plastic and rubber products. - [Professional services](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-professional-services/): Professional services buys from Computers and electronics; professional services depends on computers and electronics. - [Real estate](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-real-estate/): Computers and electronics buys from Real estate; computers and electronics depends on real estate. - [Telecommunications](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-telecommunications/): Telecommunications buys from Computers and electronics; telecommunications depends on computers and electronics. - [Vehicles, ships, rail, aircraft](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-vehicles-ships-rail-aircraft/): Vehicles, ships, rail, aircraft buys from Computers and electronics; vehicles, ships, rail, aircraft depends on computers and electronics. - [Water and sanitation](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-water-and-sanitation/): Water and sanitation buys from Computers and electronics; water and sanitation depends on computers and electronics. - [ABS](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/abs-and-computers-and-electronics/): Computers and electronics depends on ABS. - [AC transmission](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/ac-transmission-and-computers-and-electronics/): Computers and electronics depends on AC transmission. - [Adhesives and sealants](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/adhesives-and-sealants-and-computers-and-electronics/): Computers and electronics depends on adhesives and sealants. - [Aluminium](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/aluminium-and-computers-and-electronics/): Computers and electronics depends on aluminium. - [Barite](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/barite-and-computers-and-electronics/): Computers and electronics depends on barite. - [Battery anode materials](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/battery-anode-materials-and-computers-and-electronics/): Computers and electronics depends on battery anode materials. - [Battery cathode materials](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/battery-cathode-materials-and-computers-and-electronics/): Computers and electronics depends on battery cathode materials. - [Battery electrolytes](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/battery-electrolytes-and-computers-and-electronics/): Computers and electronics depends on battery electrolytes. - [Cobalt](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/cobalt-and-computers-and-electronics/): Computers and electronics depends on cobalt. - [Copper](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-copper/): Computers and electronics depends on copper. - [Data centres](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-data-centres/): Computers and electronics depends on data centres. - [Electric heating](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-electric-heating/): Computers and electronics depends on electric heating. - [Electric motors and drives](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-electric-motors-and-drives/): Computers and electronics depends on electric motors and drives. - [Electronic specialty gases](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-electronic-specialty-gases/): Computers and electronics depends on electronic specialty gases. - [Energy in buildings](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-energy-in-buildings/): Computers and electronics depends on energy in buildings. - [Epoxy resins](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-epoxy-resins/): Computers and electronics depends on epoxy resins. - [Flame retardants](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-flame-retardants/): Computers and electronics depends on flame retardants. - [Graphite](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-graphite/): Computers and electronics depends on graphite. - [Heat pumps, air conditioning and refrigeration](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-heat-pumps-air-conditioning-and-refrigeration/): Computers and electronics depends on heat pumps, air conditioning and refrigeration. - [Hydrochloric acid](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-hydrochloric-acid/): Computers and electronics depends on hydrochloric acid. - [Indium](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-indium/): Computers and electronics depends on indium. - [Isopropanol](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-isopropanol/): Computers and electronics depends on isopropanol. - [Lithium](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-lithium/): Computers and electronics depends on lithium. - [Magnesium](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-magnesium/): Computers and electronics depends on magnesium. - [Nickel](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-nickel/): Computers and electronics depends on nickel. - [Nickel-rich lithium-ion batteries](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-nickel-rich-lithium-ion-batteries/): Computers and electronics depends on nickel-rich lithium-ion batteries. - [Nitrogen gas](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-nitrogen-gas/): Computers and electronics depends on nitrogen gas. - [Paints and coatings](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-paints-and-coatings/): Computers and electronics depends on paints and coatings. - [Palladium](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-palladium/): Computers and electronics depends on palladium. - [Polycarbonate](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-polycarbonate/): Computers and electronics depends on polycarbonate. - [Rare earths](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-rare-earths/): Computers and electronics depends on rare earths. - [Silica sand](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-silica-sand/): Computers and electronics depends on silica sand. - [Silver](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-silver/): Computers and electronics depends on silver. - [Steel](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-steel/): Computers and electronics depends on steel. - [Sulphuric acid](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-sulphuric-acid/): Computers and electronics depends on sulphuric acid. - [Tantalum](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-tantalum/): Computers and electronics depends on tantalum. - [Tin](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-tin/): Computers and electronics depends on tin. - [Titanium](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-titanium/): Computers and electronics depends on titanium. - [Ultra-pure wet chemicals](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-ultra-pure-wet-chemicals/): Computers and electronics depends on ultra-pure wet chemicals. ## Other sections - [Where ₹100 goes](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/cost-mix/index.md) - [Price links with suppliers](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/price-links/index.md) - [Example story](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/story/index.md) - [Linked industries](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/linked-industries/index.md) - [Value chain](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/value-chain/index.md) - [Materials drawn on](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/materials/index.md) - [Chokepoints and risks](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/risks/index.md) - [Sources](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/computers_electronics/sources/index.md)