# Education and research Stratum 5 · Information and capital Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/ Stratum 5 · Information and capital ## Education and research Education and research build human skills and new knowledge, through schools, universities, training providers and public and corporate laboratories. The world spent about US$ 5.8 trillion on education in 2022, 64% of it in high-income countries and only 0.45% in low-income ones (UNESCO GEM Report), and about US$ 2.87 trillion (2015 PPP) on R&D in 2024, close to 2% of world GDP (WIPO). China and the United States each account for about US$ 0.78 trillion of R&D.^[1](https://www.education-progress.org/articles/finance) **India.** India runs one of the largest school systems in the world, with about 24.72 crore students and 1.03 crore teachers in 14.67 lakh schools in 2025-26^[3](https://educationforallinindia.com/udiseplus-2025-26-analysis-by-aruncmehta-educationforallinindia/). WIPO puts its R&D spending at about US$ 75.7 billion (2015 PPP, 2024), eighth in the world but a tenth of China's or the US's^[2](https://www.wipo.int/en/web/global-innovation-index/w/blogs/2025/end-of-year-edition); DST's own count is ₹2.45 lakh crore, 0.84% of GDP, in 2023-24^[5](https://www.policyedge.in/p/private-industry-lifts-indias-rd-spending-as-research-intensity-reaches-084). India ranks 38th of 139 economies in the Global Innovation Index 2026^[4](https://www.wipo.int/edocs/gii-ranking/2026/in.pdf). Depends on 16 of 35 industries · 3 directly Relied on by 3 industries, directly or indirectly Enterprise types 13 in 6 stages Chokepoints 1 rated 5 of 5 Size about US$ 5.8 trillion education spending 2022 ## [Where ₹100 of education and research output goes](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/cost-mix/) Where ₹100 of education and research output goes Every rupee of sales is paid out to someone along the chain. This splits ₹100 of output by who finally receives it, so you can see how exposed the industry is to commodity, chemical and energy prices. Commodities ₹0.8 Chemicals ₹0.1 Energy ₹1.5… ## [Price links with supplier industries](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/price-links/) Price links with supplier industries How the industries this one buys from shape its prices: the share of its costs they make up, and how their prices have moved together. Tap a row for the charts. Hover or tap ? for what each measure means. Supplier industry Cost share Raw-material mix… ## [Follow one offering through the chain](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/story/) Follow one offering through the chain 5 Example story · 7 steps · India From an NCERT textbook to an IIT start-up Follow one engineering aspirant through India's exam, school, coaching and research chain. 1 / 7 · Policy, funding and standards The state sets the finish line 15.4 lakh sat JEE Main… ## [Buys directly from](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/linked-industries/) Buys directly from Real estate Media and entertainment Software and IT services Depends on through its suppliers Building materials Computers and electronics Construction and infrastructure Data centres and cloud Electrical equipment Machinery and equipment Metal products Paper and packaging… ## [Value chain, from upstream to the customer](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/value-chain/) Value chain, from upstream to the customer Criticality to the chain: 5 · Chokepoint 4 · Critical 3 · Important 2 · Supporting 1 · Commodity service Stage 1 Policy, funding and standards Education ministries, regulators and research funders 5 · Chokepoint Set curricula and standards, fund public… ## [What the whole chain draws on](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/materials/) What the whole chain draws on Every commodity, chemical and energy tile named by the enterprises above; ×n shows how many of them depend on it. Open any tile for its full detail. Commodities (10) He Helium ×4 Nb Niobium ×2 Tm Timber ×2 REE Rare earths Pt Platinum Cu Copper Cem Cement St Steel Ri… ## [Chokepoints and risks](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/risks/) Chokepoints and risks Funding inequality: low-income countries account for only 0.45% of global education spending, and households pay 44% of costs in lower-middle-income countries 1 . Helium supply: research magnets and cryogenics rely on a gas produced in only a few countries, with sharp price… ## [Sources](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/sources/) Sources SCOPE: Finance (Global Education Monitoring Report) UNESCO GEM Report, 2024 End of year edition: global R&D spending WIPO Global Innovation Index, 2025 UDISE+ 2025-26 analysis (Ministry of Education UDISE+ data) Arun C. Mehta, Education for All in India, 2026 Global Innovation Index 2026… ## Relationship cards - [Construction and infrastructure](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/construction-and-infrastructure-and-education-and-research/): Education and research buys from Construction and infrastructure; construction and infrastructure buys from Education and research; construction and infrastructure depends on education and research; education and research depends on construction and infrastructure. - [Software and IT services](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-software-and-it-services/): Software and IT services buys from Education and research; education and research buys from Software and IT services; education and research depends on software and IT services; software and IT services depends on education and research. - [Telecommunications](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-telecommunications/): Telecommunications buys from Education and research; education and research buys from Telecommunications; telecommunications depends on education and research; education and research depends on telecommunications. - [AI and digital platforms](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/ai-and-digital-platforms-and-education-and-research/): AI and digital platforms buys from Education and research; AI and digital platforms depends on education and research. - [Computers and electronics](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/computers-and-electronics-and-education-and-research/): Education and research buys from Computers and electronics; education and research depends on computers and electronics. - [Finance: banking, insurance, markets](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-finance-banking-insurance-markets/): Education and research buys from Finance: banking, insurance, markets; education and research depends on finance: banking, insurance, markets. - [Food and beverage processing](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-food-and-beverage-processing/): Education and research buys from Food and beverage processing; education and research depends on food and beverage processing. - [Furniture](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-furniture/): Education and research buys from Furniture; education and research depends on furniture. - [Healthcare services](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-healthcare-services/): Healthcare services buys from Education and research; healthcare services depends on education and research. - [Machinery and equipment](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-machinery-and-equipment/): Education and research buys from Machinery and equipment; education and research depends on machinery and equipment. - [Media and entertainment](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-media-and-entertainment/): Education and research buys from Media and entertainment; education and research depends on media and entertainment. - [Medical devices](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-medical-devices/): Medical devices buys from Education and research; medical devices depends on education and research. - [Paper and packaging](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-paper-and-packaging/): Education and research buys from Paper and packaging; education and research depends on paper and packaging. - [Pharmaceuticals](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-pharmaceuticals/): Pharmaceuticals buys from Education and research; pharmaceuticals depends on education and research. - [Professional services](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-professional-services/): Professional services buys from Education and research; professional services depends on education and research. - [Public administration, defence and security](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-public-administration-defence-and-security/): Public administration, defence and security buys from Education and research; public administration, defence and security depends on education and research. - [Real estate](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-real-estate/): Education and research buys from Real estate; education and research depends on real estate. - [Semiconductors](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-semiconductors/): Education and research buys from Semiconductors; education and research depends on semiconductors. - [AC transmission](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/ac-transmission-and-education-and-research/): Education and research depends on AC transmission. - [Argon](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/argon-and-education-and-research/): Education and research depends on argon. - [Carbon black](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/carbon-black-and-education-and-research/): Education and research depends on carbon black. - [Cement](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/cement-and-education-and-research/): Education and research depends on cement. - [Copper](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/copper-and-education-and-research/): Education and research depends on copper. - [Custom synthesis (CDMO)](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/custom-synthesis-cdmo-and-education-and-research/): Education and research depends on custom synthesis (CDMO). - [Data centres](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/data-centres-and-education-and-research/): Education and research depends on data centres. - [Distribution grids, mini-grids and interconnectors](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/distribution-grids-mini-grids-and-interconnectors-and-education-and-research/): Education and research depends on distribution grids, mini-grids and interconnectors. - [Energy in buildings](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-energy-in-buildings/): Education and research depends on energy in buildings. - [Heat pumps, air conditioning and refrigeration](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-heat-pumps-air-conditioning-and-refrigeration/): Education and research depends on heat pumps, air conditioning and refrigeration. - [Helium](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-helium/): Education and research depends on helium. - [Lighting and displays](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-lighting-and-displays/): Education and research depends on lighting and displays. - [Niobium](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-niobium/): Education and research depends on niobium. - [Nitrogen gas](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-nitrogen-gas/): Education and research depends on nitrogen gas. - [Organic pigments](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-organic-pigments/): Education and research depends on organic pigments. - [Paints and coatings](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-paints-and-coatings/): Education and research depends on paints and coatings. - [Platinum](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-platinum/): Education and research depends on platinum. - [Rare earths](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-rare-earths/): Education and research depends on rare earths. - [Reagents and high-purity lab chemicals](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-reagents-and-high-purity-lab-chemicals/): Education and research depends on reagents and high-purity lab chemicals. - [Rice](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-rice/): Education and research depends on rice. - [Solar photovoltaics](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-solar-photovoltaics/): Education and research depends on solar photovoltaics. - [Steel](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-steel/): Education and research depends on steel. - [Timber](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-timber/): Education and research depends on timber. - [Wheat](https://www.materialinsights.org/links/education-and-research-and-wheat/): Education and research depends on wheat. ## Other sections - [Where ₹100 goes](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/cost-mix/index.md) - [Price links with suppliers](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/price-links/index.md) - [Example story](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/story/index.md) - [Linked industries](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/linked-industries/index.md) - [Value chain](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/value-chain/index.md) - [Materials drawn on](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/materials/index.md) - [Chokepoints and risks](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/risks/index.md) - [Sources](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/education_research/sources/index.md)