# Vehicles, ships, rail, aircraft: Chokepoints and risks

Cars, two-wheelers, trucks, ships, rail and aircraft makers and suppliers

Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/vehicles/risks/

#### Chokepoints and risks

- China made 94% of sintered rare-earth magnets in 2024, and its April 2025 export licences sharply cut shipments in April and May^[3](https://iea.org/reports/rare-earth-elements/executive-summary).
- China produces more than three-quarters of the world's batteries and over 70% of electric cars^[2](https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2025/executive-summary)^,^[4](https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-battery-industry-has-entered-a-new-phase).
- Mature-node auto chips have few suppliers; the October 2025 Nexperia dispute between the Netherlands and China cut supply of basic chips and halted some assembly^[5](https://www.caixinglobal.com/2025-10-29/china-netherlands-tussle-over-nexperia-threatens-global-auto-supply-chain-102377061.html).
- Large aircraft come from a duopoly with years-long backlogs, and engine and casting shortages delay deliveries.
- Trade tariffs on vehicles and parts (US, EU duties on Chinese EVs) reshape where assembly and sourcing happen.

## Other sections

- [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/vehicles/index.md)
- [Where ₹100 goes](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/vehicles/cost-mix/index.md)
- [Price links with suppliers](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/vehicles/price-links/index.md)
- [Example story](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/vehicles/story/index.md)
- [Linked industries](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/vehicles/linked-industries/index.md)
- [Value chain](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/vehicles/value-chain/index.md)
- [Materials drawn on](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/vehicles/materials/index.md)
- [Sources](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/vehicles/sources/index.md)