# Waste and recycling: Follow one offering through the chain Collecting, sorting and treating waste, returning metals, paper and plastics to use Source page: https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/waste_recycling/story/ #### Follow one offering through the chain **1** Example story · 7 steps · India ### Indore's rubbish, from doorstep to bus fuel Follow one day of India's cleanest city's waste, from six-way sorting at home to bio-CNG, bales and EPR certificates. 1 / 7 · Generation and segregation #### A city that owns its rubbish **1,900 t**Indore's waste generated per day Indore Municipal Corporation carries the legal duty for what its 35 lakh residents throw away: about 700 tonnes of wet and 1,200 tonnes of dry waste a day. It sets the rules and charges and awards the contracts, and in 2025 Indore was named India's cleanest city for the eighth year running.^[1](https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/from-waste-to-wonder-whats-indores-secret-for-swachh-survekshan-triumphs/amp)^,^[5](https://www.etvbharat.com/en/bharat/india-waste-processing-facility-in-municipality-areas-increases-to-80-percent-mohua-enn25120105121) **Constraint** Scale: Indian cities generate about 1.66 lakh tonnes a day and process about 1.33 lakh tonnes, or 80% (2025), so the rest still reaches dumps. [LLDPE Polyethylene (LDPE, LLDPE)](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/polyethylene/)[PET PET resin](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/pet/)[Al Aluminium](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/aluminum/)[Public administration, defence and security](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/public_admin/)[Finance: banking, insurance, markets](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/finance/) 2 / 7 · Collection and transport #### Six streams, collected door to door **98%**of Indore's waste segregated at source Collection vehicles with separate compartments call at every home and business, and residents hand over waste already split into six categories. In 2025 Indore was credited with 98% segregation at source and 100% door-to-door collection, which is what makes everything downstream work: clean wet waste for digesters and clean dry waste for sorting.^[1](https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/from-waste-to-wonder-whats-indores-secret-for-swachh-survekshan-triumphs/amp) **Constraint** Discipline is the bottleneck: segregation depends on daily household habits and enforcement, which few cities have matched. [St Steel](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/)[Oil Crude oil](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/crude_oil/)[LPG CNG, LPG and biogas distribution](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_cng_lpg/)[Vehicles, ships, rail, aircraft](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/vehicles/)[Software and IT services](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/software_it/) 3 / 7 · Sorting and processing #### Dry waste sorted into bales **1,200 t**dry waste sorted each day The 1,200 tonnes of daily dry waste goes to material recovery facilities, where conveyors, screens, magnets and sorting staff separate paper, plastics, metals and glass and press them into bales for sale. Indore was credited with 100% waste processing in 2025, so little is sent to landfill.^[1](https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/from-waste-to-wonder-whats-indores-secret-for-swachh-survekshan-triumphs/amp) **Constraint** Low-value multilayer and dirty plastics are hard to sell, so sorting pays only where recyclers or EPR certificates buy the output. [PET PET resin](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/pet/)[LLDPE Polyethylene (LDPE, LLDPE)](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/polyethylene/)[PP Polypropylene](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/polypropylene/)[Al Aluminium](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/aluminum/)[St Steel](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/steel/)[Machinery and equipment](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/machinery/) 4 / 7 · Recycling into secondary raw materials #### Plastics washed and re-melted **1,602**registered plastic processors, Feb 2023 Baled plastic goes to recyclers who shred, wash and extrude it into pellets for pipes, film or new packaging, while paper goes to mills and metal to smelters. By February 2023, 1,602 plastic waste processors had registered on the central EPR portal, where they sell recycling certificates to brand owners.^[2](https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1469046/1/AU1729.pdf) **Constraint** Recyclate prices track virgin resin and oil, so cheap new plastic can make recycling uneconomic without certificate income. [PET PET resin](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/pet/)[HDPE High-density polyethylene](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/hdpe/)[NaOH Caustic soda](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/caustic_soda/)[H₂O Water](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/water/)[Srf Surfactants](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/surfactants/)[Plastic and rubber products](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/plastic_rubber/)[Paper and packaging](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/paper_packaging/) 5 / 7 · Treatment and disposal #### Wet waste becomes bio-CNG for buses **17,000 kg**bio-CNG a day, design output Wet waste feeds the GOBARdhan plant, designed in 2022 to digest 550 tonnes a day into about 17,000 kg of bio-CNG and 100 tonnes of compost; in 2026 it was reported to turn about 500 tonnes into 17 tonnes of gas. A private partner put in the ₹150 crore capital cost, and the city buys at least half the gas.^[3](https://pmindia.gov.in/?p=11333561)^,^[1](https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/from-waste-to-wonder-whats-indores-secret-for-swachh-survekshan-triumphs/amp)^,^[7](https://the-ken.com/newsletter/make-india-competitive-again/indias-imported-gas-problem-has-a-domestic-fix-that-starts-at-the-kitchen-bin/) **Constraint** Feedstock: digesters need clean, segregated organic waste, and the plant's 550-tonne design capacity is below Indore's 700 tonnes of daily wet waste. [CBG Biogas and biomethane](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/biomethane/)[CO2 Carbon dioxide](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/carbon_dioxide/)[LPG CNG, LPG and biogas distribution](https://www.materialinsights.org/energy/e_cng_lpg/)[Machinery and equipment](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/machinery/)[Finance: banking, insurance, markets](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/finance/) 6 / 7 · Treatment and disposal #### An old dump turned back into land **100 acres**reclaimed at the Devguradia dump Before the system worked, Indore's waste piled up at the Devguradia dump on the city's edge. Around 2018 the corporation bio-mined about 15 lakh tonnes of legacy waste with trommels, screens and more than 50 excavators and loaders, sold the recyclables, and reclaimed 100 acres of land it valued at about ₹300 crore.^[4](https://smartnet.niua.org/csc/assets/pdf/waste/CS4.pdf)^,^[8](https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/2021/01/28/dealing-with-dumps.html)^,^[6](https://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste) **Constraint** Legacy dumps are widespread: at least 33% of the world's municipal waste was not managed in an environmentally safe way in 2016. [Kao Kaolin & clays](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/clays/)[HDPE High-density polyethylene](https://www.materialinsights.org/chemicals/hdpe/)[CaO Lime](https://www.materialinsights.org/commodities/lime/)[Construction and infrastructure](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/construction/)[Water and sanitation](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/water_sanitation/) 7 / 7 · Equipment and regulation #### Brand owners pay for their packaging **22.4 lakh**tonnes a year of EPR obligation, 2023 Under plastic packaging rules notified in February 2022, producers, importers and brand owners must buy recycling certificates covering the packaging they sell, with targets rising each year. By February 2023 about 5,000 of them had registered, with a combined obligation of 22.37 lakh tonnes a year.^[2](https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1469046/1/AU1729.pdf)^,^[9](https://www.corporateprofessionals.com/regulatoryupdate/plastic-waste-management-amendment-rules-2026-strengthening-epr-recycled-content-and-reuse-obligations/) **Constraint** Rule risk: recycling targets rise from 30-50% in 2024-25 to 60-80% from 2027-28, and a March 2026 amendment reset recycled-content and reuse duties. [Public administration, defence and security](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/public_admin/)[Software and IT services](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/software_it/) #### What the chain shows Indore shows waste becomes a resource when segregation at the door works; the opportunity is in biogas, recycling and EPR-backed sorting, the risk in municipal finances and shifting rules. Sources 1. [From waste to wonder: what's Indore's secret for Swachh Survekshan triumphs](https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/from-waste-to-wonder-whats-indores-secret-for-swachh-survekshan-triumphs/amp) The Tribune, 2025 2. [Lok Sabha unstarred question no. 1729: plastic waste management (EPR)](https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1469046/1/AU1729.pdf) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Lok Sabha, 2023 3. [PM inaugurates Gobar-Dhan (Bio-CNG) plant in Indore](https://pmindia.gov.in/?p=11333561) Prime Minister's Office, Government of India, 2022 4. [Bioremediation/bio-mining of legacy waste: Deoguradia, Indore (city case study, undated)](https://smartnet.niua.org/csc/assets/pdf/waste/CS4.pdf) Smart Cities Mission SmartNet, NIUA, 2019 5. [India's waste processing facility in municipality areas increases to 80 percent: MoHUA (Rajya Sabha reply)](https://www.etvbharat.com/en/bharat/india-waste-processing-facility-in-municipality-areas-increases-to-80-percent-mohua-enn25120105121) ETV Bharat, 2025 6. [What a Waste 2.0](https://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste) World Bank, 2018 7. [India's imported gas problem has a domestic fix that starts at the kitchen bin](https://the-ken.com/newsletter/make-india-competitive-again/indias-imported-gas-problem-has-a-domestic-fix-that-starts-at-the-kitchen-bin/) The Ken, 2026 8. [Dealing with dumps](https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/2021/01/28/dealing-with-dumps.html) The Week, 2021 9. [Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2026 (G.S.R. 237(E), 31 March 2026): recycled content and reuse obligations](https://www.corporateprofessionals.com/regulatoryupdate/plastic-waste-management-amendment-rules-2026-strengthening-epr-recycled-content-and-reuse-obligations/) Corporate Professionals (regulatory update), 2026 #### Sells directly into [Healthcare services](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/healthcare/)[Hospitality and tourism](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/hospitality_tourism/)[Public administration, defence and security](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/public_admin/) ## Other sections - [Overview](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/waste_recycling/index.md) - [Where ₹100 goes](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/waste_recycling/cost-mix/index.md) - [Price links with suppliers](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/waste_recycling/price-links/index.md) - [Value chain](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/waste_recycling/value-chain/index.md) - [Materials drawn on](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/waste_recycling/materials/index.md) - [Chokepoints and risks](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/waste_recycling/risks/index.md) - [Sources](https://www.materialinsights.org/industries/waste_recycling/sources/index.md)