Education and research: Sources

Schools, universities, training providers and public or corporate labs building skills

Sources

1. SCOPE: Finance (Global Education Monitoring Report) UNESCO GEM Report, 2024
2. End of year edition: global R&D spending WIPO Global Innovation Index, 2025
3. UDISE+ 2025-26 analysis (Ministry of Education UDISE+ data) Arun C. Mehta, Education for All in India, 2026
4. Global Innovation Index 2026: India economy profile WIPO, 2026
5. Private industry lifts India's R&D spending as research intensity reaches 0.84% (DST R&D Statistics 2025-26) The Policy Edge, 2026
6. The oligopoly of academic publishers in the digital era (Larivière, Haustein and Mongeon) PLOS ONE, 2015
7. UDISE+ 2024-25 report, press release Press Information Bureau (Ministry of Education), 2025