What this tab covers How it is regulated and what could disrupt supply: hazard classification, rules in the EU, US and India, anti-dumping duties and other trade measures, and supply-risk notes.
Hazards
Classification
UN number
Key risks
fresh catalyst: not classified for most grades; PGM salts used in coating are sensitisers (platinum salts: respiratory sensitiser)
not regulated
Platinum salt sensitisation in coating plants; catalytic converter theft.
Main rules
Where
Rule
Effect
EU
Euro 7, Regulation (EU) 2024/1257
tighter durability and new particle limits from 2026-2027 for new types
China
China 6b (from July 2023)
high loadings and GPFs
US
EPA Tier 3 and 2027 heavy-duty NOx rule
truck catalyst content up
EU
End-of-Life Vehicles Directive
converter recovery
India
Rule
Effect
Bharat Stage VI (April 2020) and BS-VI stage 2 RDE (April 2023)
catalysts and filters on all new vehicles, including two-wheelers
Vehicle Scrapping Policy and Registered Vehicle Scrapping Facility Rules 2021
formal channel for converter recovery
Trade measures
US antidumping duty of 133% on Russian palladium (2025); US imports from Russia stopped Aug 2025 (palladium tile)
Supply risk
PGM supply is concentrated in South Africa and Russia; all three PGMs are on EU and US critical lists. Demand risk is larger than supply risk as electric cars spread.