How the Kigali deal is phasing down HFCs worldwide
What this tab covers How it is regulated and what could disrupt supply: hazard classification, rules in the EU, US and India, anti-dumping duties and other trade measures, and supply-risk notes.
Hazards
Classification
UN number
Key risks
gases under pressure; R32 and HFOs flammable gas cat 1B (A2L); asphyxiant in confined spaces
UN3252 (R32), UN3159 (R134a), UN1018 (R22)
Climate impact from leaks; frostbite and asphyxiation; decomposition to HF in fires.
Main rules
Where
Rule
Effect
Global
Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment (2016)
HCFC phase-out and HFC phase-down by about 80-85% by the late 2040s
EU
F-gas Regulation (EU) 2024/573; MAC Directive; proposed universal PFAS restriction
HFC phase-out by 2050; possible limits on HFOs
US
AIM Act (2020) and EPA Technology Transitions rule
85% HFC cut by 2036; GWP limits for new equipment
China
HFC production and consumption quotas from 2024 (MEE)
caps supply; HFC-23 destruction required
India
Rule
Effect
Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000 (HCFCs and, as amended, HFC production limits); MoEFCC office memorandum of 1 April 2026: no environmental clearance for new or expanded HFC capacity for controlled uses unless it starts production by 31 December 2027; freeze at the 2024-2026 baseline from 1 January 2028
quota allocation will set winners
India Cooling Action Plan (2019)
targets lower refrigerant demand and better servicing
MSIHC Rules 1989; PESO rules for gas cylinders
plant and cylinder safety
Trade measures
EU and US enforcement against illegal HFC imports
Past DGTR anti-dumping actions on some refrigerants from China (indicative; check DGTR)
Supply risk
High concentration: China holds over 80% of world HFC quotas and about 60% of fluorspar mining. Fluorspar is on EU, US and Indian critical minerals lists (fluorspar tile).