Aviation propulsion: Relationships

Every element and industry that Aviation propulsion is linked to, and how. Each pair has its own card explaining the relationships between the two.

Aerospace and defence: No aircraft, civil or military, can be delivered without its engines, and engine output is now the tightest constraint on the industry; India still flies every fighter on a foreign engine and is trying to change that through the Safran co-development for AMCA. (researched)
Renewable diesel and SAF: Sustainable aviation fuel is a drop-in replacement for jet fuel that existing engines can burn in blends, but it was only about 0.6% of jet fuel in 2025 and costs at least twice as much. Its growth is set by mandates such as ReFuelEU and India's CORSIA-linked targets, not by price. (researched)
Titanium: Jet engines and airframes are the main market for titanium metal, using it for fan and compressor parts and highly loaded structures, and aerospace-grade supply is concentrated, with Russia's VSMPO-AVISMA still supplying about half of Airbus's needs. (researched)
Vehicles, ships, rail, aircraft: Aircraft builders cannot deliver without engines, and narrowbody engines come from very few suppliers, mainly CFM and Pratt & Whitney, so engine output and engine faults now set how many aircraft reach airlines. (researched)
Gas turbines and combined cycle: Energy flows from gas turbines and combined cycle to aviation propulsion; their prices have moved together.
Nickel: Aviation propulsion needs nickel; their prices have moved together.
Ammonia, methanol and e-fuels: Energy flows from ammonia, methanol and e-fuels to aviation propulsion.
Apparel and footwear: Apparel and footwear depends on aviation propulsion.
Crude oil: Their prices have moved together.
E-commerce and digital marketplaces: E-commerce and digital marketplaces depends on aviation propulsion.
Engine exhaust recovery: Energy flows from aviation propulsion to engine exhaust recovery.
Hospitality and tourism: Hospitality and tourism depends on aviation propulsion.
Internal combustion engines and gensets: Energy flows from internal combustion engines and gensets to aviation propulsion.
Low-carbon hydrogen and e-fuels: Energy flows from low-carbon hydrogen and e-fuels to aviation propulsion.
Next-generation lithium batteries: Energy flows from next-generation lithium batteries to aviation propulsion.
Nickel-rich lithium-ion batteries: Energy flows from nickel-rich lithium-ion batteries to aviation propulsion.
Oil and product pipelines: Energy flows from oil and product pipelines to aviation propulsion.
Power-to-X: Energy flows from power-to-X to aviation propulsion.
Professional services: Professional services depends on aviation propulsion.
Public administration, defence and security: Public administration, defence and security depends on aviation propulsion.
Refining and reforming: Energy flows from refining and reforming to aviation propulsion.
Tankers, barges and fuel trucks: Energy flows from tankers, barges and fuel trucks to aviation propulsion.
Transport and logistics: Transport and logistics depends on aviation propulsion.