Vehicles, ships, rail, aircraft: Chokepoints and risks
Cars, two-wheelers, trucks, ships, rail and aircraft makers and suppliers
Chokepoints and risks
- China made 94% of sintered rare-earth magnets in 2024, and its April 2025 export licences sharply cut shipments in April and May3.
- China produces more than three-quarters of the world's batteries and over 70% of electric cars2,4.
- Mature-node auto chips have few suppliers; the October 2025 Nexperia dispute between the Netherlands and China cut supply of basic chips and halted some assembly5.
- Large aircraft come from a duopoly with years-long backlogs, and engine and casting shortages delay deliveries.
- Trade tariffs on vehicles and parts (US, EU duties on Chinese EVs) reshape where assembly and sourcing happen.