Lubricant additives: Characteristics
What engine tests demand before an oil is certified
What this tab covers The physical and chemical properties that set its grade, price and uses, with the commercial grades and the standards that define them.Packages are sold on certified performance in engine tests, treat rate (percent in finished oil), base number, ash and phosphorus content, and compatibility with emission systems.
Properties that matter commercially
| Property | Value / specification | Why it matters | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Treat rate | engine oils 15-25% additives; industrial oils up to about 2% (Lubes'n'Greases Factbook) | cost per litre of oil | Lubes'n'Greases Factbook |
| Base number | marine cylinder oils moved from 100 BN to 40-70 BN after IMO 2020 | acid neutralisation | Lubes'n'Greases (May 2023) |
| Phosphorus and sulphated ash | low-SAPS limits for DPF-equipped vehicles (indicative) | protects exhaust catalysts and filters | indicative |
Commercial grades
- PCMO DI packages (API SP, ILSAC GF-6)
- HDMO packages (API CK-4, FA-4, ACEA E)
- Motorcycle oils (JASO MA)
- Marine cylinder and trunk piston oil packages
- ATF and driveline packages
- Industrial hydraulic and gear packages
- Metalworking additives
- EV fluids