Energy-intensive industry: Relationships

Every element and industry that Energy-intensive industry is linked to, and how. Each pair has its own card explaining the relationships between the two.

Aluminium: Primary aluminium is one of the most electricity-intensive industrial products, at about 15 MWh per tonne with power typically about 40% of cost, so electricity prices decide where smelters run and when they shut. (researched)
Cement: Cement is one of the core energy-intensive industries: its kilns used about 3.6 GJ of heat per tonne of clinker and its mills about 96 kWh of electricity per tonne of cement worldwide in 2012, so fuel and power are among its largest costs and the main target of efficiency policy. (researched)
Building materials: Cement and glass are energy-intensive industries in their own right: kiln and furnace heat is most of their energy use and energy is about 30% of cement manufacturing cost, so fuel prices move their margins directly. (researched)
Chlorine: Chlorine is made by electrolysis of brine, which puts chlor-alkali among the energy-intensive industries: electricity was about 60% of its manufacturing cost in India in 2021, so power prices set where chlorine can be made. (researched)
Industrial heat pumps and vapour recompression: Energy flows from energy-intensive industry to industrial heat pumps and vapour recompression; energy flows from industrial heat pumps and vapour recompression to energy-intensive industry; their prices have moved together.
Recuperators and regenerators: Energy flows from energy-intensive industry to recuperators and regenerators; energy flows from recuperators and regenerators to energy-intensive industry; their prices have moved together.
Waste-heat power (steam Rankine): Energy flows from energy-intensive industry to waste-heat power (steam Rankine); energy flows from waste-heat power (steam Rankine) to energy-intensive industry; their prices have moved together.
Ammonia: Energy-intensive industry needs ammonia; their prices have moved together.
Bagasse and black-liquor cogeneration: Energy flows from energy-intensive industry to bagasse and black-liquor cogeneration; energy flows from bagasse and black-liquor cogeneration to energy-intensive industry.
Combined heat and power: Energy flows from energy-intensive industry to combined heat and power; energy flows from combined heat and power to energy-intensive industry.
Explosives and propellants: Energy flows from explosives and propellants to energy-intensive industry; energy flows from energy-intensive industry to explosives and propellants.
Heat exchangers and pinch integration: Energy flows from energy-intensive industry to heat exchangers and pinch integration; energy flows from heat exchangers and pinch integration to energy-intensive industry.
Organic Rankine, Kalina and sCO2 cycles: Energy flows from energy-intensive industry to organic Rankine, Kalina and sCO2 cycles; energy flows from organic Rankine, Kalina and sCO2 cycles to energy-intensive industry.
Pressure and flow recovery: Energy flows from energy-intensive industry to pressure and flow recovery; energy flows from pressure and flow recovery to energy-intensive industry.
Steel: Energy-intensive industry needs steel; their prices have moved together.
Steel plant energy recovery: Energy flows from energy-intensive industry to steel plant energy recovery; energy flows from steel plant energy recovery to energy-intensive industry.
Waste-to-energy: Energy flows from energy-intensive industry to waste-to-energy; energy flows from waste-to-energy to energy-intensive industry.
AC transmission: Energy flows from AC transmission to energy-intensive industry.
Abrasives: Their prices have moved together.
Aerospace and defence: Aerospace and defence depends on energy-intensive industry.
Ammonia, methanol and e-fuels: Energy flows from ammonia, methanol and e-fuels to energy-intensive industry.
Argon: Their prices have moved together.
Boilers, furnaces and stoves: Energy flows from boilers, furnaces and stoves to energy-intensive industry.
Carbon dioxide: Their prices have moved together.
Caustic soda: Their prices have moved together.
Coal transport: Energy flows from coal transport to energy-intensive industry.
Construction and infrastructure: Construction and infrastructure depends on energy-intensive industry.
Data centres: Their prices have moved together.
Diamonds: Their prices have moved together.
District heating and cooling networks: Energy flows from district heating and cooling networks to energy-intensive industry.
Electric heating: Energy flows from electric heating to energy-intensive industry.
Electric motors and drives: Energy flows from electric motors and drives to energy-intensive industry.
Electrical loss reduction: Energy flows from electrical loss reduction to energy-intensive industry.
Electrolysers: Energy flows from electrolysers to energy-intensive industry.
Embodied energy trade: Energy flows from energy-intensive industry to embodied energy trade.
Energy in buildings: Their prices have moved together.
Firewood and charcoal supply: Energy flows from firewood and charcoal supply to energy-intensive industry.
Flare and off-gas recovery: Energy flows from energy-intensive industry to flare and off-gas recovery.
Food and beverage processing: Food and beverage processing depends on energy-intensive industry.
Gas pipelines and city gas: Energy flows from gas pipelines and city gas to energy-intensive industry.
Heat pumps, air conditioning and refrigeration: Energy flows from heat pumps, air conditioning and refrigeration to energy-intensive industry.
Heat-transfer fluids and heat pipes: Energy flows from heat-transfer fluids and heat pipes to energy-intensive industry.
Hydrogen and hydrogen carriers: Energy flows from hydrogen and hydrogen carriers to energy-intensive industry.
Hydrogen peroxide: Their prices have moved together.
Hydrogen storage: Energy flows from hydrogen storage to energy-intensive industry.
LNG cold and cryogenic recovery: Energy flows from LNG cold and cryogenic recovery to energy-intensive industry.
Low-carbon hydrogen and e-fuels: Energy flows from low-carbon hydrogen and e-fuels to energy-intensive industry.
Machinery and equipment: Machinery and equipment depends on energy-intensive industry.
Mechanical power transmission: Energy flows from mechanical power transmission to energy-intensive industry.
Metal products: Metal products depends on energy-intensive industry.
Natural gas: Their prices have moved together.
Nitrogen gas: Their prices have moved together.
Oxygen: Their prices have moved together.
PVC: Their prices have moved together.
Pharmaceuticals: Pharmaceuticals depends on energy-intensive industry.
Refining and reforming: Energy flows from refining and reforming to energy-intensive industry.
Sensible heat storage: Energy flows from sensible heat storage to energy-intensive industry.
Shared and district heat reuse: Energy flows from energy-intensive industry to shared and district heat reuse.
Solar heat collectors: Energy flows from solar heat collectors to energy-intensive industry.
Superconducting magnetic storage: Energy flows from superconducting magnetic storage to energy-intensive industry.
Thermal coal: Their prices have moved together.
Thermochemical storage: Energy flows from thermochemical storage to energy-intensive industry.
Transport and logistics: Transport and logistics depends on energy-intensive industry.
Vehicles, ships, rail, aircraft: Vehicles, ships, rail, aircraft depends on energy-intensive industry.
Vinyl chloride monomer: Their prices have moved together.
Waste heat for drying, water and food: Energy flows from waste heat for drying, water and food to energy-intensive industry.
Water: Their prices have moved together.
Wholesale and retail trade: Wholesale and retail trade depends on energy-intensive industry.
Zinc: Their prices have moved together.