How export permits and US duties reshaped graphite trade
What this tab covers How it is regulated and what could disrupt supply: hazard classification, rules in the EU, US and India, anti-dumping duties and other trade measures, and supply-risk notes.
Hazards
Classification
UN number
Key risks
graphite: generally not classified; dusts may form combustible mixtures (indicative)
not regulated (indicative)
Dust inhalation and combustible dust; HF use in natural graphite purification.
Main rules
Where
Rule
Effect
US
AD/CVD case on Chinese active anode material: Commerce final rates of about 160-170% combined (Feb 2026), but negative ITC injury vote (12 Mar 2026), so no duties; foreign-entity rules on 45X credits (indicative)
Chinese anode can still enter the US without these duties; credit rules remain the main support for non-Chinese supply
China
Graphite export permits since 1 Dec 2023; MOFCOM and GAC Announcement No. 58 of 2025 (9 Oct 2025) on artificial and blended graphite anode, granulation, graphitisation and coating equipment and know-how, suspended by Announcement No. 70 (7 Nov 2025) until 10 Nov 2026
PLI ACC scheme (Rs 18,100 crore, 50 GWh) with 25%/60% domestic value addition
local anode helps meet DVA; no materials-specific incentive (EVreporter 2025)
Graphite on India's 2023 critical minerals list; graphite block auctions under the National Critical Mineral Mission (indicative)
supports domestic natural graphite
Trade measures
US AD/CVD case on Chinese anode material ended without duties after the ITC's negative vote (Mar 2026)
China export permits on graphite (Dec 2023) and suspended anode controls (to 10 Nov 2026)
Supply risk
China controls over 90% of anode output and almost all spherical graphite and graphitisation know-how, and has used export permits since 2023. Graphite is on the EU, US and Indian critical lists.