What this tab covers How it is regulated and what could disrupt supply: hazard classification, rules in the EU, US and India, anti-dumping duties and other trade measures, and supply-risk notes.
Hazards
Classification
UN number
Key risks
Gas under pressure; refrigerated liquefied gas
UN1013
Collects in low spaces; high concentrations cause unconsciousness. Pipeline ruptures can be dangerous (Satartia, Mississippi, 2020, indicative).
Main rules
Where
Rule
Effect
EU
EU ETS; CCS Directive; food additive E290 rules
prices emissions and governs storage and food use
US
45Q tax credit for storage and use (indicative up to $85/t stored, $180/t for direct air capture); PHMSA pipeline rules
drives CCS and EOR
Global
ISBT beverage-grade CO2 specification
sets food-grade purity
India
Rule
Effect
Gas Cylinders Rules 2016 and SMPV(U) Rules 2016 under PESO
storage and transport licensing
FSSAI food additive regulations (E290)
food-grade use
Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (2023)
could value CO2 capture and use in future (indicative)
Trade measures
None material
Supply risk
High for food-grade supply in Europe because a few ammonia plants supply most of it and close when gas spikes. Not on any critical list.