Germanium: Relationships

Every element and industry that Germanium is linked to, and how. Each pair has its own card explaining the relationships between the two.

• Gallium: Gallium and germanium are small by-product metals for chips and optics whose supply is concentrated in China, which has put both under the same export controls since August 2023. (researched)
• Zinc: Germanium is recovered from zinc refining residues and from coal ash, so outside China its supply rests on a few zinc operations such as Red Dog and Trail, while China's controls set the world price. (researched)
• Aerospace and defence: Aerospace and defence depends on germanium.
• Data centres and cloud: Data centres and cloud depends on germanium.
• Telecommunications: Telecommunications depends on germanium.