Construction and infrastructure

Stratum 3 · Complex manufacturing and the built world

Stratum 3 · Complex manufacturing and the built world

Construction and infrastructure

Designs, finances and builds roads, railways, ports, power and water networks, factories and buildings, then operates many of them. The latest published global estimate, by Oxford Economics, put construction work done at US$ 9.7 trillion in 2022, led by China, the US and India, with a forecast of US$ 13.9 trillion by 2037¹; official US data show US$ 2.16 trillion of construction put in place in 2025, 1.4% below 2024³.¹

India. Construction is about 8% of India's GVA and India is forecast to be the fastest-growing of the three largest construction markets¹^,²; central capital expenditure was budgeted at Rs 11.2 trillion for 2025-26 and Rs 12.2 trillion for 2026-27²^,⁴.

Depends on 7 of 35 industries · 5 directly Relied on by 14 industries, directly or indirectly Enterprise types 11 in 6 stages Chokepoints 0 rated 5 of 5 Size about US$ 9.7 trillion of work done (latest published global estimate) 2022

Where ₹100 of construction and infrastructure output goes

Where ₹100 of construction and infrastructure output goes Every rupee of sales is paid out to someone along the chain. This splits ₹100 of output by who finally receives it, so you can see how exposed the industry is to commodity, chemical and energy prices. Commodities ₹10.3 Chemicals ₹0.7 Energy…

Price links with supplier industries

Price links with supplier industries How the industries this one buys from shape its prices: the share of its costs they make up, and how their prices have moved together. Tap a row for the charts. Hover or tap ? for what each measure means. Supplier industry Cost share Raw-material mix…

Follow one offering through the chain

Follow one offering through the chain 3 Example story · 8 steps · India Mumbai's underground Aqua Line metro Follow Metro Line 3 from a Japanese loan and 17 boring machines to its first full month of riders. 1 / 8 · Project sponsorship and finance A public company plans the line ₹37,276cr revised…

Buys directly from

Buys directly from Building materials Metal products Machinery and equipment Wood products Water and sanitation Depends on through its suppliers Electrical equipment Plastic and rubber products Sells directly into Real estate Data centres and cloud Telecommunications Public administration, defence…

Value chain, from upstream to the customer

Value chain, from upstream to the customer Criticality to the chain: 5 · Chokepoint 4 · Critical 3 · Important 2 · Supporting 1 · Commodity service Stage 1 Project sponsorship and finance Public infrastructure agencies and project sponsors 4 · Critical Plan projects, acquire land, award contracts…

What the whole chain draws on

What the whole chain draws on Every commodity, chemical and energy tile named by the enterprises above; ×n shows how many of them depend on it. Open any tile for its full detail. Commodities (14) St Steel ×4 Cem Cement ×2 Agg Sand & gravel ×2 Cu Copper ×2 CaO Lime Gyp Gypsum Stn Crushed stone Fe…

Chokepoints and risks

Chokepoints and risks Land acquisition, environmental clearances and approvals are the main cause of delay and cost overrun in Indian projects. India's construction programme leans on central capex of Rs 11.2 trillion in 2025-26 and Rs 12.2 trillion budgeted for 2026-27; any fiscal squeeze slows…

Sources

Sources Global Construction Futures Oxford Economics, 2023 Building at scale: construction sector enters a phase of rapid execution Indian Infrastructure, 2026 Monthly Construction Spending, December 2025 (annual 2025 total) US Census Bureau, 2026 Union Budget 2026-27 sets record capex of Rs 12.2…

Relationship cards

Public administration, defence and security: Government is construction's largest client: it plans, funds and approves most roads, railways, water networks and military works, so public capital budgets set much of the order book. The reverse flow is small, but permits, land and payment discipline from public agencies decide how fast that order book turns into revenue. (researched)
Building materials: Construction is the market for cement, concrete, bricks and glass, so building material makers live on the building cycle: housing takes about 69% of India's cement and infrastructure about 21%, and building material prices follow construction activity with a lag of about a quarter. (researched)
Water and sanitation: Water and sanitation is one of the most construction-heavy services: dams, canals, pipelines and treatment plants are civil works, so water programmes turn directly into contractor orders. In India the Jal Jeevan Mission and AMRUT 2.0 make water one of the larger public construction programmes, and the challenge is shifting from building to running what was built. (researched)
Construction chemicals: Construction chemicals are a small dose with a large effect: admixtures added at well under 2% of cement weight decide how concrete flows, sets and lasts, so their makers' volumes rise and fall with building and infrastructure activity. (researched)
Copper: Buildings are the largest single use of copper, through wiring, plumbing and cooling tube, so construction activity moves copper demand, while plastics and aluminium cap how far copper prices can rise before builders switch. (researched)
Crude oil: Road building runs on two crude oil products, bitumen for the surface and diesel for the machines, so crude price shocks raise highway costs; India now shares that risk with contractors through escalation compensation. (researched)
Steel: Construction and infrastructure are India's biggest steel users, about 60% of finished steel in FY26, through rebar in concrete and sections in bridges, towers and frames, so steel prices feed straight into project and housing costs. (researched)
Education and research: Education and research buys from Construction and infrastructure; construction and infrastructure buys from Education and research; construction and infrastructure depends on education and research; education and research depends on construction and infrastructure.
Electrical equipment: Electrical equipment buys from Construction and infrastructure; construction and infrastructure buys from Electrical equipment; electrical equipment depends on construction and infrastructure; construction and infrastructure depends on electrical equipment.
Professional services: Professional services buys from Construction and infrastructure; construction and infrastructure buys from Professional services; construction and infrastructure depends on professional services; professional services depends on construction and infrastructure.
Transport and logistics: Transport and logistics buys from Construction and infrastructure; construction and infrastructure buys from Transport and logistics; construction and infrastructure depends on transport and logistics; transport and logistics depends on construction and infrastructure.
Data centres and cloud: Data centres and cloud buys from Construction and infrastructure; data centres and cloud depends on construction and infrastructure.
Finance: banking, insurance, markets: Construction and infrastructure buys from Finance: banking, insurance, markets; construction and infrastructure depends on finance: banking, insurance, markets.
Furniture: Furniture buys from Construction and infrastructure; furniture depends on construction and infrastructure.
Healthcare services: Healthcare services buys from Construction and infrastructure; healthcare services depends on construction and infrastructure.
Hospitality and tourism: Hospitality and tourism buys from Construction and infrastructure; hospitality and tourism depends on construction and infrastructure.
Machinery and equipment: Construction and infrastructure buys from Machinery and equipment; construction and infrastructure depends on machinery and equipment.
Metal products: Construction and infrastructure buys from Metal products; construction and infrastructure depends on metal products.
Plastic and rubber products: Construction and infrastructure buys from Plastic and rubber products; construction and infrastructure depends on plastic and rubber products.
Real estate: Real estate buys from Construction and infrastructure; real estate depends on construction and infrastructure.
Semiconductors: Semiconductors buys from Construction and infrastructure; semiconductors depends on construction and infrastructure.
Software and IT services: Construction and infrastructure buys from Software and IT services; construction and infrastructure depends on software and IT services.
Telecommunications: Telecommunications buys from Construction and infrastructure; telecommunications depends on construction and infrastructure.
Waste and recycling: Waste and recycling buys from Construction and infrastructure; waste and recycling depends on construction and infrastructure.
Wholesale and retail trade: Wholesale and retail trade buys from Construction and infrastructure; wholesale and retail trade depends on construction and infrastructure.
Wood products: Construction and infrastructure buys from Wood products; construction and infrastructure depends on wood products.
Adhesives and sealants: Construction and infrastructure depends on adhesives and sealants.
Aluminium: Construction and infrastructure depends on aluminium.
Cement: Construction and infrastructure depends on cement.
Coking coal: Construction and infrastructure depends on coking coal.
Crushed stone: Construction and infrastructure depends on crushed stone.
Distribution grids, mini-grids and interconnectors: Construction and infrastructure depends on distribution grids, mini-grids and interconnectors.
Energy in buildings: Construction and infrastructure depends on energy in buildings.
Energy-intensive industry: Construction and infrastructure depends on energy-intensive industry.
Epoxy resins: Construction and infrastructure depends on epoxy resins.
Gypsum: Construction and infrastructure depends on gypsum.
Heat pumps, air conditioning and refrigeration: Construction and infrastructure depends on heat pumps, air conditioning and refrigeration.
High-density polyethylene: Construction and infrastructure depends on high-density polyethylene.
Internal combustion engines and gensets: Construction and infrastructure depends on internal combustion engines and gensets.
Iron ore: Construction and infrastructure depends on iron ore.
Lime: Construction and infrastructure depends on lime.
Lubricant additives: Construction and infrastructure depends on lubricant additives.
Manganese: Construction and infrastructure depends on manganese.
Muscle power: Construction and infrastructure depends on muscle power.
Natural gas: Construction and infrastructure depends on natural gas.
Oxygen: Construction and infrastructure depends on oxygen.
PVC: Construction and infrastructure depends on PVC.
Paints and coatings: Construction and infrastructure depends on paints and coatings.
Polyurethanes (MDI, TDI, polyols): Construction and infrastructure depends on polyurethanes (MDI, TDI, polyols).
Sand & gravel: Construction and infrastructure depends on sand & gravel.
Silica sand: Construction and infrastructure depends on silica sand.
Steel plant energy recovery: Construction and infrastructure depends on steel plant energy recovery.
Thermal coal: Construction and infrastructure depends on thermal coal.
Timber: Construction and infrastructure depends on timber.
Vanadium: Construction and infrastructure depends on vanadium.
Waste-heat power (steam Rankine): Construction and infrastructure depends on waste-heat power (steam Rankine).