Low-carbon hydrogen and e-fuels: Production
Why only a sliver of announced projects ever get built
What this tab covers Who makes it and how much: world capacity and output, utilisation, the top producing countries and companies globally and in India, concentration, new capacity coming, and each region's position.| Measure | Figure | Detail | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| World capacity | about 2 GW of electrolysis installed (2024) | Over 200 low-emissions projects reached FID since 2020. Electrolysis projects drove more than 80% of the fall in announced 2030 supply in 2023-24. | IEA GHR 2025 via hydrogen tile |
| World output | about 1 Mt low-emissions hydrogen (2025) | Mostly green hydrogen in China, blue hydrogen in North America, and small electrolysis projects in Europe and India. | IEA GHR 2025 via hydrogen tile |
| Capacity utilisation | not published | Electrolysers on variable renewables run at 30-60% capacity factors unless hybridised with storage (indicative). | Indicative |
| Concentration | not published for low-carbon hydrogen; electrolyser manufacturing about 60% China | Project ownership is spread across utilities, oil majors, gas companies and renewable developers. | IEA via hydrogen tile |
| New capacity | just over 4 Mt a year low-emissions hydrogen by 2030 at FID or operating; 37 Mt announced | NEOM (2.2 GW, about 2026-27), Blue Point (blue ammonia), Indian SECI and SIGHT awards; e-SAF projects of over 2 Mt a year in Europe, none at FID; Sungas Renewables bio-methanol (Louisiana, FID, 2028) and EM-Numancia (Spain). | IEA GHR 2025; methanol tile (Argus; CRU); PwC Strategy& (2026) |
Top producing countries
- China: largest electrolyser fleet and nearly 60% of electrolyser manufacturing
- Saudi Arabia: NEOM Green Hydrogen about 2.2 GW for green ammonia (start about 2026-27, indicative)
- United States: blue ammonia (Blue Point, civil works 2026); 45V credit
- European Union: Kassø e-methanol 42 kt; RFNBO mandates; no large e-SAF FID
- India: 724 kt/yr green ammonia contracted; 10 kt/yr green H2 at Panipat; L&T Green 90 kt/yr under SIGHT
Largest producers: global
| Company | Country | Volume | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air Products / ACWA Power / NEOM (NEOM Green Hydrogen Company) green ammonia for export | Saudi Arabia/US | 2.2 GW electrolysis | start about 2026-27 | hydrogen tile (indicative) |
| CF Industries / JERA / Mitsui (Blue Point) CF dropped its Donaldsonville electrolyser in Dec 2025 | US/Japan | not published | civil works 2026 | ammonia tile (CF Industries 2025) |
| European Energy (Kassø) world's largest e-methanol plant at start-up | Denmark | 42 kt/yr e-methanol | 2025 | methanol tile (Argus 2025) |
| ACWA Power NEOM partner | Saudi Arabia | not published | 2025 | hydrogen tile |
| Sinopec largest hydrogen producer overall | China | not published | 2025 | Indicative |
Largest producers: India
| Company | Country | Volume | Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACME Cleantech about 66 kt H2 embedded | India | 370 kt/yr green ammonia awarded (SECI) | 2025 | SECI via ESMAP (2025) |
| L&T Green also IOCL Panipat 10 kt at Rs 397/kg | India | 90 kt/yr green H2 (SIGHT Mode I Tranche II) | 2025 | JMK Research (May 2025) |
| NTPC Renewable Energy | India | 70 kt/yr green ammonia awarded (SECI) | 2025 | ammonia tile (SECI via ESMAP) |
| Jakson Green | India | 85 kt/yr green ammonia awarded (SECI) | 2025 | ammonia tile (SECI via ESMAP) |
| Ocior Energy lowest Indian green H2 bid found | India | not published | Sep 2025 | PTI via The Week, via hydrogen tile |
India uses about 6 Mt of grey hydrogen a year. The National Green Hydrogen Mission targets 5 Mt a year of green hydrogen by 2030; contracted volumes are in the hundreds of kilotonnes, led by SECI's 724 kt a year of green ammonia (hydrogen and ammonia tiles).
Position by region
| Region | Position |
|---|---|
| US | 45V credit (tiered up to $3/kg) narrowed by 2025 legislation (indicative); blue ammonia leads. |
| EU | RED III RFNBO targets (42% of industrial hydrogen renewable by 2030), ReFuelEU e-SAF sub-mandate, CBAM on hydrogen and ammonia from 2026. |
| India | SIGHT incentives and SECI auctions; green ammonia within about 10-45% of grey; 2026 Hormuz shock raised grey costs. |
| China | Largest installed electrolysis and cheapest electrolysers ($600-1,200/kW); e-SAF costs 25-50% below Europe. |
| Japan | Hydrogen Society Promotion Act (2024) with 15-year price-gap support for imports (indicative). |
| Middle East | NEOM and Oman projects aim at export; Hormuz near-closure in 2026 showed transit risk. |