HVDC links: Relationships

Every element and industry that HVDC links is linked to, and how. Each pair has its own card explaining the relationships between the two.

• AC transmission: HVDC and AC lines both move bulk power, but DC wins beyond a break-even distance of roughly 300 to 800 km overhead or 50 to 100 km of cable; every DC link starts and ends in an AC grid, so the two are rivals on long routes and partners everywhere else. (researched)
• Offshore wind: Energy flows from offshore wind to HVDC links; their prices have moved together.
• Transformers and power electronics: Energy flows from HVDC links to transformers and power electronics; their prices have moved together.
• Underground, submarine and superconducting cables: Energy flows from underground, submarine and superconducting cables to HVDC links; their prices have moved together.
• Copper: Their prices have moved together.
• Electrical equipment: Electrical equipment depends on HVDC links.
• Polyethylene (LDPE, LLDPE): Their prices have moved together.
• Pumped hydro storage: Energy flows from HVDC links to pumped hydro storage.