Gallium: Relationships

Every element and industry that Gallium is linked to, and how. Each pair has its own card explaining the relationships between the two.

• Aluminium: Most primary gallium is a by-product of alumina refining, and China, which refined about 62% of the world's alumina in 2025, makes 99% of primary low-purity gallium; its export controls since August 2023 have turned this trace by-product into a supply security issue. (researched)
• Germanium: Gallium and germanium are small by-product metals for chips and optics whose supply is concentrated in China, which has put both under the same export controls since August 2023. (researched)
• Telecommunications: Radio equipment for mobile networks relies on gallium compounds, gallium nitride in base station amplifiers and gallium arsenide in handsets, while China produces about 99% of the world's primary gallium and has used export controls on it since 2023. (researched)
• Aerospace and defence: Aerospace and defence depends on gallium.
• Lighting and displays: Lighting and displays needs gallium.
• Public administration, defence and security: Public administration, defence and security depends on gallium.
• Semiconductors: Semiconductors depends on gallium.
• Solar photovoltaics: Solar photovoltaics needs gallium.
• Transformers and power electronics: Transformers and power electronics needs gallium.
• Vehicles, ships, rail, aircraft: Vehicles, ships, rail, aircraft depends on gallium.